Applications of calculus in submarine designs

Presented by:
Muneeb Alvi
APPLICATIONS:

1. Mass
2. Volume
3. Area
4. Force
5. Buoyancy
6. Floatation
 MASS

• Centroids and Center of Mass can be found by using a

weighted average.
Y

a2 ∞
a1 a3  
an ∑ ( 𝑦 𝑖 𝑎𝑖 )
𝑖=1
𝑦 𝑎𝑣𝑒 = ∞

∑ 𝑎𝑖
𝑖=1
y1
y2
y3 yn
X

  𝑦 1 𝑎 1+ 𝑦 2 𝑎2 + 𝑦 3 𝑎3 +…
𝑦 𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
𝑎1 +𝑎2 +𝑎 3+ …
Rectangle rule

Trapezoidal rule

Simpson’s rule
 Simpson’s Rule

Simpson’s Rule is used when a standard integration technique

is too involved or not easily performed.

• A curve that is not defined mathematically

• A curve that is irregular and not easily defined mathematically

It is an APPROXIMATION of the true integration

 Simpson’s 1st Rule

Area = 1/3 Dx [yo + 4y1 + 2y2+…2y n-2 + 4y n-1 + yn]

where:
- n is an ODD number of stations
- Dx is the distance between stations
- yn is the value of y at the given station along x
- Repeats in a pattern of 1,4,2,4,2,4,2……2,4,1

Simpson’s 2nd Rule

Area = 3/8 Dx [yo + 3y1 + 3y2 + 2y3 + 3y4 +3y5 + 2y6 +… + 3y n-1 + yn]

where:
- n is an EVEN number of stations
- Repeats in a pattern 1,3,3,2,3,3,2,3,3,2,……2,3,3,1

Simpson’s 1st Rule is the one we use here since it gives an EVEN
number of divisions
Application of Numerical Integration
Application
- Waterplane Area
- Sectional Area
- Submerged Volume
- LCF
- VCB
- LCB

Scheme
- Simpson’s 1st Rule
 Waterplane Area
y
y(x)

FP dx
AP

  𝐿𝑝𝑝
𝐴𝑊𝑃 =2 ∫ 𝑑𝐴=2 ∫ 𝑦 ( 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 0

2
 

Factor for symmetric waterplane

area
𝐴𝑊𝑃=waterplane  area (𝑓𝑡 )
 Waterplane Area
Generalized Simpson’s Equation

x
Δ𝑥
 

FP 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
AP

  1
𝐴𝑊𝑃 =2 Δ 𝑥 [ y 0 + 4 𝑦 1+ 2 𝑦 2 +..+ 2 𝑦 𝑛 − 2+ 4 𝑦 𝑛 −1 + 𝑦 𝑛 ]
3
Δ 𝑥=distance   between   stations
 
 Sectional Area
Sectional Area : Numerical integration of half-breadth
as a function of draft

z
  𝑇
WL
𝐴sect =2 ∫ 𝑑𝐴=2∫ 𝑦 (𝑧 )𝑑𝑧
y(z) 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 0

T
2
 
dz

y 𝐴sec𝑡=sectional  area  up to   𝑧(𝑓 𝑡 )

 Sectional Area
Generalized Simpson’s equation

z
WL
8
6
z
T 4 Δ  𝑧=  distance   btwn   waterlines
2
y
0

 
𝑇
𝐴 sec𝑡 =2 ∫ 𝑑𝐴=2 ∫ 𝑦 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 0
 Volume & Floatation
Submerged Volume Asect
A(x)
Sectional
 VS=òAsectdx; where integral is Areas dx=Station Spacing

sectional areas by station (feet²)

0 Stations X

(Half-Breadth Plan)
Y
y(x)
Half-
Longitudinal Center of Floatation Breadths dx=Station Spacing
(feet)
x
 LCF=(2/AWP)*òxydx; where Stations
X

integral is product of distance

from FP & half breadths by0 station
 Submerged Volume
Sectional Area Curve

As

 𝐴 sec𝑡 (𝑥)

dx
x
FP AP
Calculus equation
  𝐿 𝑝𝑝

𝑉 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 =∇ 𝑠= ∫ 𝑑𝑉 =∫ 𝐴 sect (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 0
Generalized equation

  1
∇ 𝑠= Δ 𝑥 [ y 0 +4 𝑦 1+2 𝑦 2+..+ 4 𝑦 𝑛 −1 + 𝑦 𝑛 ]
3
 Δ 𝑥=distance   between   stations
Longitudinal Center of Floatation (LCF)
y
y(x) dA
x

FP dx
AP

Weighted Average of Variable X (i.e. distance from FP)

  small   piece
Average   of   variable   X  =∑ ❑X   value ×
𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑋
[
total ]
Moment Relation
First
 
 moment  of  area :¿ y❑=∫ 𝑥𝑑𝐴
 
2∫ 𝑥𝑑𝐴 ∫ 2 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥  
∫ 𝑥𝑑𝐴 ∫ 𝑥𝑦(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑥= = Recall     𝑥= =
𝐴 𝑊𝐴 𝐴 𝑊𝐴 𝐴𝑇 𝐴𝑇
 Longitudinal Center of Floatation(LCF)
Generalized Simpson’s Equation
x6
x5
y x4
x3
x2
x1
Δ𝑥
  x

FP 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 AP

  𝐿 𝑝𝑝
2 𝑥  0=0,   𝑥 1= Δ 𝑥,   𝑥 2=2 Δ 𝑥 ,   𝑥 3=....
𝐿𝐶𝐹 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑦 ( 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝐴 𝑊𝑃 0
Δ 𝑥=distance   between   stations
 
 Vertical Center of Buoyancy, KB

This is similar to the LCF in that it is a CENTROID, but where LCF is the centroid
of the Awp, KB is the centroid of the submerged volume of the ship measured from the
keel…
z

y Awp

KB
x

 
∫ 𝑧 𝐴 𝑊𝑃 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧
𝐾𝐵=
∇
where:
- Awp is the area of the waterplane at the distance z from the keel
- z is the distance of the Awp section from the x-axis
- dz is the spacing between the Awp sections, or Dz in Simpson’s Eq.
 And FINALLY,…

Longitudinal Center of Buoyancy, LCB

This is EXACTLY the same as KB, only this time:

- Instead of taking measurements along the z-axis, you’re taking them from the x-axis
- Instead of using waterplane areas, you’re using section areas
- It’ll tell you how far back from the FP the center of buoyancy is.
z y
Asection

x
LCB

  ∫ 𝑥 𝐴 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡 ( 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝐿𝐶𝐵=
where:
∇
- Asect is the area of the section at the distance z from the forward perpendicular (FP)
- x is the distance of the Asect section from the y-axis
- dx is the spacing between the Asect sections, or Dx in Simpson’s Eq.
HASTA LA VISTA