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Applied Aerodynamics

Lecture - 5 & 6

The Standard Atmosphere

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 The Standard Atmosphere
Atmosphere
An atmosphere is a layer or a set of layers of gases, commonly
known as air, surrounding the earth, that is held in place by the
gravity of earth. Air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen,
0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other
gases.

Standard Atmosphere
The Standard Atmosphere is a static atmospheric model of how
the pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity of the Earth's
atmosphere change over a wide range of altitudes or elevations.
 Earth's Atmospheric Layers
Earth's Atmospheric Layers
 Troposphere. It starts at the Earth's surface and extends to 12
kilometers high.
 Stratosphere. It starts just above the Troposphere and extends to
50 kilometers high.
 Ionosphere. It starts 50 kilometer high and extends to
1,000 kilometers high.
 Mesosphere. It starts just above the Stratosphere and extends to
80 kilometers high.
 Thermosphere. It starts just above the Mesosphere and extends
to 700 kilometers high.
 Exosphere. It starts just above the Thermosphere and extends to
700 kilometers high.
The Standard Atmosphere
 Definition of Altitude

Fig. 3.2 Definition of altitude

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Types of Altitude

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Hydrostatic Equation (H.E.)

Fu= Fd + W

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Integrating the Hydrostatic Equation

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Geopotential and Geometric Height

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Defining the Standard Atmosphere

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Integrating Pressure

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Integrating Pressure cont…

𝑎  ≈ 9.8 ❑0𝐶 /𝑘𝑚

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At Sea Level

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Summary of Standard Atmosphere

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Example 3-1

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Example 3-1 Cont.

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Three More Altitudes

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Example 3-2

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Example 3-3

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Summary

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Thanks