Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Example 1:
Solution:
Example 2.
Solution:
Example 3.
The air quality standard for ozone is 0.08 ppm. Express that standard in
ug/m3 at 1 atm pressure and 20 OC.
Solution:
Determine molecular weight of Ozone
o mol.wt. O3 = 3(16) = 48
Air has a mass it also exerts pressure on things under it. Like water, which we
intuitively understand to exert greater pressures o greater depths, the atmosphere
exerts more pressure at the surface than it does at higher elevation.
Coriolis effect
The angular thrust added to the effect because the Earth rotates.
Wind speed apart function of the steepness of the pressure surface. When the
isobars are close together, the pressure gradient is said to be steep and the wind
relatively high.
TURBULENCE
Mechanical Turbulence
The fluctuations in part are caused by the fact that atmosphere is being
sheared. The sheared is being result by the fact that the wind speed is zero at the
ground surface and rises with elevation to near the imposed by the pressure gradient.
Thermal Turbulence
Heating of the ground surface causes turbulence in the same fashion that
heating bottom of a beaker full of water causes turbulence. At some point below
boiling, you can see density currents raising off the bottom.
STABILITY
UNSTABLE
NEUTRAL
-neutral atmosphere is one o in which the thermal structure neither enhance nor
resists the mechanical turbulence.
STABLE
Cyclones are associated with unstable air. Anticyclones associated with stable
air.
Neutral Stability
The lapse rate for a neutral atmosphere is defined by the rate of temperature
increase or decreased experienced by a parcel of air that expands or contracts
adiabatically as it raised through the atmosphere.
Γ (gamma)
Unstable Atmosphere
If the temperature of the atmosphere falls greater than Γ the lapse rate is said to
be superadiabatic and the atmosphere is unstable.
IBDELORIA/July2012 Air Polln – Units, Meteolorogy/7
Stable Atmosphere
If the temperature of the atmosphere falls at the rate lower than Γ it is called
sub adiabatic and the atmosphere is stable.
Isothermal
Inversion
Examples:
IBDELORIA/July2012 Air Polln – Units, Meteolorogy/8
a) Z, m T (OC)
2 -3.05
318 -6.21
Solution
-dT/dZ = -(T2-T1)/(Z2-Z1)
= -(-6.21+3.05)/(318-2)
= 0.01 OC/m = Γ Hence, atmosphere is neutral.
b) Z, m T (OC)
10 5.11
202 3.09
Solution
-dT/dZ = -(T2-T1)/(Z2-Z1)
= -(3.09-5.11)/(202-10)
= 0.0105 OC/m > Γ Hence, atmosphere is unstable.
c) Z, m T (OC)
18 14.03
286 16.71
Solution
=dT/dZ = =(T2-T1)/(Z2-Z1)
= =(16.71-14.03)/(286-18)
= =0.010 OC/m < Γ Hence, atmosphere is stable.
Heat Islands
A heat island results from a mass material either natural or anthropogenic that
absorbs the reradiates heat a greater rate than the surrounding area.
Good news
For ground level sources of automobiles the bowl of unstable air that forms will
allow a greater air volume for dilution of pollutant.
Bad news
Under stable conditions, plumes from tall stacks would be carried out over the
countryside without increasing ground level pollutants concentrations. Unfortunately
instability caused by the heat island mixes these plumes to the ground level.
Land/Sea Breezes
Land Breeze
During the night, the land cools more rapidly than the water. The relatively
cooler air over the land flows toward the water.
IBDELORIA/July2012 Air Polln – Units, Meteolorogy/10
During the morning the land heats faster than water. The air over the land
becomes relatively warm and begins to rise. The rising air replaced by air from over the
water body.
The effect of the lake breeze on stability is to impose a surface based inversion on the
temperature profile. As the air moves the water over the warm ground it is heated
from below.
IBDELORIA/July2012 Air Polln – Units, Meteolorogy/11
Stack plumes originating near the shoreline, the stable lapse rate causes a
fanning plume close to the stack.
The lapse condition grows to the height of the stack as the air moves inland. At
some point inland, a fumigation plume results.
Valleys
Peels off the part of the wind and forces it to follow the direction of the valley
floor.
The valley will set up its own circulation. Warming of the valley wall cause the
valley air to be warmed. It will became more buoyant and flow up the valley. At night
the cooling process will cause the wind to flow down the valley.
Are more susceptible to the inversion of the terrain. The valley walls protect the
floor from radiative heating by the sun. Yet the walls are free to radiate heat away to
the cold night sky.
The ground cannot heat the air rapidly enough during to dissipate the inversion
that formed during the night
Source: Davis, M.L. and Cornwell, D.A. (1998). Introduction to Environmental Engineering, 3rd ed.