Boundless Lecture Slides on Ancient Africa

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Ancient Africa
Africa Before 1800
CE
Sculpture of the Sub-Saharan Civilizations
Architecture of the Sub-Saharan Civilizations
Africa Before 1800 CE
Africa Before 1800 CE > Ancient Africa
Ancient Africa
• Ancient Africa
• Art of Ancient Africa
• Rock Art in the Sahara
www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/africa-before-1800-ce-17/ancient-africa-113/
Africa Before 1800 CE > Sculpture of the Sub-Saharan Civilizations
Sculpture of the Sub-Saharan Civilizations

• Sculpture of the Nok
• Sculpture of the Igbo-Ukwu
• Ile-Ife and Benin Sculpture
• Sculpture of the Kingdom of Kongo
www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/africa-before-1800-ce-17/sculpture-of-the-sub-saharan-civilizations-115/
Africa Before 1800 CE > Architecture of the Sub-Saharan Civilizations
Architecture of the Sub-Saharan Civilizations

• Architecture of Djenne
• Architecture of Aksun and Lalibela
• Architecture of Great Zimbabwe
www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/africa-before-1800-ce-17/architecture-of-the-sub-saharan-civilizations-11
6/
Appendix
Key terms
• Almoravids A Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of northwestern Africa and the Iberian peninsula
during the 11th century.
• anthropomorphic Having the form or attributes of a human.
• Banu Hilal and Banu Ma'qil A collection of Arab Bedouin tribes from the Arabian Peninsula who migrated westwards via Egypt
between the 11th and 13th centuries.
• cache A store of things that may be required in the future such as food, which can be retrieved rapidly but is protected or
hidden in some way.
• deities Divine beings; gods or goddesses.
• façade The face of a building, especially the front.
• ferrous Iron-based.
• finial Any decorative fitting at the peak of a flagpole, fence post or staircase newel post.
• Hausa states The early dynastic states that had spread across Africa by the ninth century, including Ghana, Gao, and the
Kanem-Bornu Empire.
• Ife The first of the Yoruba city-states or kingdoms, which established government under a priestly oba ("king").
• load-bearing Architectural structural system in which the walls form the main source of support for the building.
• minaret A tower outside a mosque from which a muezzin leads the Call to Prayer.
• Nri Kingdom of the Ig One of several independent kingdoms that developedin the forested regions of the West African coast.
• Obelisk A tall, square, tapered stone monolith topped with a pyramidal point, frequently used as a monument.
• parapet Part of a perimeter that extends above the roof.
• pastoralist A person whose primary occupation is the raising of livestock.
• pastoralist A person involved in raising livestock.
• petroglyph An engraving or carving into a rock face, usually created with a hammerstone, chisel, or fine metal blade.
• pictograph A painting or drawing on a rock face, typically made with mineral earths and other natural compounds.
• pilaster A rectangular column that projects partially from the wall to which it is attached; it gives the appearance of support, but
is only for decoration.
• qibla The direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during the Call to Prayer.
• rock-cut architecture The creation of structures by excavating solid rock where it naturally occurs.
• San peopl Familial groups of hunter-gatherers in Southern Africa between the ninth and 18th centuries.
• terra cotta A hard red-brown unglazed earthenware used for pottery and building construction.
• terra cotta A hard red-brown unglazed earthenware, used for pottery and building construction.
• votive Dedicated or given in fulfillment of a vow or pledge.
• zoomorphic Having the shape, form, or likeness of an animal.
Construction of a Mbari house
Detail of the upper level and roof.
Wikimedia Commons. "640px-Igbo_Mbari.jpg." Public domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6441276 View on Boundless.com
Igbo brass anklet

Anklet beaten from a solid brass bar.
Wikipedia. "555px-Igbo_brass_anklet.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Igbo_brass_anklet.jpg#/media/File:Igbo_brass_anklet.jpg
View on Boundless.com
Ancient African Kingdoms and Empires

This map depicts a sample of the diverse cultures, kingdoms, and empires of pre-colonial Africa.
Wikimedia Commons. "515px-African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg.png." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2660560
Detail of azoomorphic nkondi

Wood, metal, andporcelain. Eighteenth-nineteenth century.
Wikimedia Commons. "640px-Statue_vili-Congo.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19637074 View on Boundless.com
Minkisi nkondi
This figure assumes a more aggressive facial expression and body language.
Wikimedia Commons. "250px-Nkisi_Nkondi,_Congo,_c._1880-1920_-_IMG_1628.jpeg." Public domain
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11321400 View on Boundless.com
Map of Precolonial Africa

TheKingdom of Kongo is circled in red.
Wikimedia Commons. "515px-African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg.png." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2660560
Ceremonial vessel
Bronze. Igbo-Ukwu. Ninth century.
Wikimedia Commons. "640px-Bronze_ceremonial_vessel_in_form_of_a_snail_shell,_9th_century,_Igbo-Ukwu,_Nigeria.jpeg." CC BY-SA 3.0
Minkisi
Thelight area on the figure’s abdomen is a glass “window” thatwould hold “medicine” used for correcting illicit or immoralbehavior.
Wikimedia Commons. "332px-Brooklyn_Museum_87.218.117_Figure_Nkisi.jpg." CC BY 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22509721
Yoruba head
Bronze. Ile-Ife. Twelfth century.
Wikimedia Commons. "Yoruba-bronze-head.jpg." Public domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4438424 View on Boundless.com
Sculptureof the Benin Kingdom

Thissculpture, one of the many examples of Benin Bronzes held in museumsaround the world, depicts the generalized figures that frequentlyappear in
Benin art. 16th-18th century. Nigeria.
Wikipedia. "nin-kingdom-louvre-a97-4-1.jpeg." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benin_kingdom_Louvre_A97-4-1.jpg View on Boundless.com
Nok Rider and Horse, 53 cm tall (1,400 to 2,000 years ago)

The Nok culture appeared in Nigeria around 1000 BCE and vanished under unknown circumstances around 500 CE in the region of West Africa, in
modern Northern and Central Nigeria. Scholars think its social system was highly advanced. The Nok culture was the earliest sub-Saharan producer of
life-sized terra cotta.
Wikipedia. "A man ride a horse,Nok terracotta figurine." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_man_ride_a_horse,Nok_terracotta_figurine.jpg
Cave of the Swimmers, Egypt

Painting of men swimming in the Cave of the Swimmers, Wadi Sura, Gilf Kebir, Western Desert, Egypt.
Wikipedia. "WadiSuraHumans." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WadiSuraHumans.jpg View on Boundless.com
Human and ram's head pendants

The elaborate designs and casting in bronzes such as this one point to the Igbo people's high level of skill.
Wikipedia. "Igbo ukwu bronzes." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Igbo_ukwu_bronzes.jpg View on Boundless.com
Lyndenburg Head
The Lydenburg Headsare the earliest known examples of African sculpture in SouthernAfrica. Two of the heads are large enough to have been
ceremonial helmet masks. The five smaller heads have a hole oneither side of the neck, by which they could have been attached to apole or costume
during a performance. One of the small heads has ananimal-like nose and mouth, which would have been of symbolicimportance to the makers of the
heads.
Wikimedia Commons. "360px-Iziko_Lydenburg_Heads_2.jpeg." CC BY 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33704580 View on Boundless.com
Petroglyphat Balho, Djibouti

Djiboutilies on the eastern edge of the Sahara desert, which has notsupported foliage-dependent animals such as giraffes for approximately10,000
years. This image informs us that the Sahara was once agrassland that contains plant life similar to that of modernsub-Saharan Africa.
Wikimedia Commons. "478px-Rock_art_at_Balho.jpeg." CC BY-SA 4.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35163887 View on Boundless.com
Livestock petroglyph
Mauritanian Petroglyph of bovineanimals and abstract people on horseback.
Flickr. "Mauritania_Herders.jpg." CC BY-SA 2.0 https://www.flickr.com/photos/gbaku/469184511 View on Boundless.com
New Yam Festival

On the right, a participant wears an elaborate mask and headdress with attire made of raffia. The festival in this photograph was organized by Igbo
residents of Dublin, Ireland.
Wikimedia Commons. "640px-NewYam-IgboFestival-Dublin.jpg." CC BY-SA 2.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5090508
The Order of Ikhamanga

An image of the Order of Ikhamanga, where the Lydenburg head can be seen in the center.
Wikipedia. "Order of Ikhamanga." License: Other http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_Ikhamanga.jpg View on Boundless.com
Female power figure of the Vili people - Democratic Republic of Congo

While this figure was made by the Vili people, it is similar to the nkisi nkondi made by people in the Kongo Kingdom.
Wikipedia. "Female Power Figure (Nkisi Nkonde)." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Female_Power_Figure_(Nkisi_Nkonde).jpg View on Boundless.com
Nok Sculpture
Nok sculptures may have been used as grave markers, charms, or portrayals of ancestors. Terra cotta. Sixth century BCE-sixth century CE. Nigeria.
Wikipedia. "Nok sculpture Louvre 70-1998-11-1." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg View on Boundless.com
Benin plaque
Thebackground portrays the floral pattern characteristic ofplaques made at this time and reflective of Portuguese influence.The image in the plaque
consists of an Oba (king) surrounded by hissubjects. Apart from military and political strength, the plaqueillustrates the relationship between the
Portuguese and the Benintraders. 16th century.
Wikipedia. "800px-benin-bronzes.jpeg." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benin_Bronzes.jpg View on Boundless.com
Pendantivory mask of Queen Idia

Iyobane Esigie (meaning: Queen mother of Oba Esigie), court of Benin, 16thcentury.
Wikipedia. "220px-edo-ivory-mask-18472.jpeg." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edo_ivory_mask_18472.jpg View on Boundless.com
New Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion

The dome and bell tower of the newCathedral of Our Lady Mary of Zion, built by Emperor Haile Selassiein the 1950s.
Wikimedia Commons. "640px-Church_Our_Lady_Mary_Zion_Axum_Ethio.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1408578
Biete Giyorgis, the Church of St. George, in Lalibela, Ethiopia (top view)
Biete Giyorgis is one of the finest examples of rock-cut architecture in Ethiopia.
Wikipedia. "Bete Giyorgis Lalibela Ethiopia." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bete_Giyorgis_Lalibela_Ethiopia.jpg View on Boundless.com
The Northern Stelae Park at the town of Axum, Ethiopia

The stelae in Northern Stelae Park range to 33 meters high.
Wikipedia. "Axum northern stelea park." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Axum_northern_stelea_park.jpg View on Boundless.com
Valley Complex ruins

Ruins of the foundations demonstrate the same level of skill seen in the more intact walls elsewhere in Great Zimbabwe.
Wikimedia Commons. "640px-Alloes-valley-great-zimbabwe.jpg." CC BY 2.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8966650 View on Boundless.com
Old Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion

This location remains open only to men.
Wikimedia Commons. "640px-382-21.1.-Aksum-Maria_Zion.jpeg." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24624987
The Conical Tower

The Conical Tower is 18 feet (5.5 meters) in diameter and 30 feet (9.1 meters) high.
Wikipedia. "Great Zimbabwe (Donjon)." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Zimbabwe_(Donjon).jpg View on Boundless.com
Zimbabwe Bird
Copy of Zimbabwe Bird soapstone sculpture.
Wikimedia Commons. "262px-Zim-bird.jpg." CC BY 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3475104 View on Boundless.com
Entrance of BieteAmanuel
Wikimedia Commons. "640px-Bet_Abba_Libanos_(5499043130).jpg." CC BY 2.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22956378
A house in Djenné
Many houses in Djenné are built with Toucouleur-style façades.
Wikipedia. "Djenne Fortier 407." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Djenne_Fortier_407.jpg View on Boundless.com
Eastern Enclosure
View west from the Eastern Enclosure,Great Zimbabwe, showing the granite boulder (far right) that resembles theZimbabwe Birds. A copy of one of the
famous sculptures is shown below for comparison.
Wikimedia Commons. "640px-Eastern-enclosure-great-zimbabwe.jpg." CC BY 2.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8966638
Hill Complex
Ruins of a building from the Hill Complex, where the naturally occurring rock formations were built into part of the foundation.
Wikimedia Commons. "Great_Zimbabwe_Ruins2.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3594362 View on Boundless.com
Biete Giyorgis,ground view
Wikimedia Commons. "372px-Bete_Giyorgis_03.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28203064 View on Boundless.com
Close-up of Great Zimbabwe

Great Zimbabwe is most famous for its enormous walls, built without mortar.
Wikipedia. "Great Zimbabwe Closeup." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Zimbabwe_Closeup.jpg View on Boundless.com
Saltcellar, 16th Century

Saltcellarby an Edo or Yoruba artist representing a Portuguese man decoratedwith horses among geometric patterns.
Wikimedia Commons. "480px-Lisboa-Museu_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga-Saleiro-20140917.jpg." Public domain
Sleeping antelope
Petroglyphdepicting a sleeping antelope, located at Tin Taghirt on theTassili n’Ajjer in southern Algeria.
Wikimedia Commons. "640px-Sleeping_Antelope_Tin_Taghirt.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=14842019
Hunters or pastoralists
Neolithiccave painting of either hunters or pastoralists during the NeolithicSubpluvial period. Tassil n'Ajjer (Plateau of the Chasms).
Wikimedia Commons. "African_cave_paintings.jpg." Public domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6006212 View on Boundless.com
Ife Bronze Sculpture

Sculpture of a king's head, held in the British Museum.
Wikipedia. "Ife Kings Head." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ife_Kings_Head.jpg View on Boundless.com
Femalefigurine
Terracotta. 48 cm tall. Nok culture. c. 515-1215 CE.
Wikimedia Commons. "Nok_terracotta_figurine.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3290149 View on Boundless.com
Igbo Ukwu bronze

A ceremonial vessel made around the ninth century CE.
Wikipedia. "Igbo Ukwu vessel." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Igbo_Ukwu_vessel.jpg View on Boundless.com
The Obelisk of Aksum after its return to Ethiopia in 2005

The obelisk is an example of the stelae built by the Aksum kingdom.
Wikipedia. "Rome Stele." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rome_Stele.jpg View on Boundless.com
An example of Kongo pottery

Made of ceramic and vegetable dye, such pottery was widely manufactured in the Kingdom of Kongo.
Wikipedia. "Bowl by the Kongo peoples." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bowl_by_the_Kongo_peoples.jpg View on Boundless.com
Great Mosque of Djenné

Originally built in the 13th or 14th century, the Great Mosque seen today was completed in 1907.
Wikipedia. "Great Mosque of Djenné 1." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Mosque_of_Djenn%C3%A9_1.jpg View on Boundless.com
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "Pyramid." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid#Nigeria
• Wikipedia. "New Yam Festival of the Igbo." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yam_Festival_of_the_Igbo
• Wikipedia. "Mbari (Art)." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbari_(art)
• Wikipedia. "Ala (Odinani)." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala_(odinani)
• Wikipedia. "Igbo people." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people
• Wikipedia. "Igbo Art." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_art
• Wikipedia. "Archaeology of Igbo-Ukwu." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_of_Igbo-Ukwu
• Wikipedia. "Igbo-Ukwu." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo-Ukwu
• Wiktionary. "Cache." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cache
• Afropedea. "Nsude Pyramids." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.afropedea.org/nsude-pyramids
• Wikipedia. "Kingdom of Nri." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri#Art
• Wikipedia. "Yoruba People." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people#Traditional_art_and_architecture
• Wikipedia. "Saharan Rock Art." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharan_rock_art
• Wikipedia. "African Art." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_art
• Wiktionary. "Votive." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/votive
• Boundless Learning. "Benin." CC BY-SA 4.0 https://www.boundless.com/atoms/6426
• Wikipedia. "Benin Empire." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Empire
• Wikipedia. "Ife." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ife

• Wiktionary. "Deities." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deities
• Wiktionary. "Terracotta." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/terracotta
• Boundless Learning. "Benin." CC BY-SA 4.0 https://www.boundless.com/atoms/6633
• Wikipedia. "African Empires." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_empires
• Wikipedia. "Africa." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa
• Wiktionary. "Terracotta." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/terracotta
• Wikipedia. "Nok Culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nok_culture
• Wikipedia. "South African Film and Television Awards." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Film_and_Television_Awards
• Wikipedia. "Lyndenburg Heads." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydenburg_heads
• Wikipedia. "Early History of Nigeria." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_history_of_Nigeria
• Wikipedia. "Olowe of Ise." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olowe_of_Ise
• Wikipedia. "Lydenburg." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydenburg
• Wiktionary. "Finial." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/finial
• Wikipedia. "Order of Ikhamanga." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Ikhamanga
• Afropedea. "African Architecture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.afropedea.org/african-architecture
• Wikipedia. "Great Mosque of Djenné." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Djenn%C3%A9
• Wikipedia. "Qibla." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qibla
• Wikipedia. "Djenné-Djenno." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djenne-Djenno
• Wikipedia. "Djenné." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djenne

• Wiktionary. "Pilaster." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pilaster
• Wiktionary. "Parapet." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parapet
• Wiktionary. "Façade." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/facade
• Wikipedia. "Axum." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axum
• Wikipedia. "Obelisk." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk
• Wikipedia. "Kingdom of Aksum." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum
• Wikipedia. "Rock-Cut Architecture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-cut_architecture
• Wikipedia. "Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_Mary_of_Zion
• Wikipedia. "Lalibela." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalibela
• Wikipedia. "Nkondi." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkondi
• Wikipedia. "Kingdom of Kongo." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo
• Wikipedia. "Kongo People." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_people
• Wiktionary. "Anthropomorphic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anthropomorphic
• Wiktionary. "Zoomorphic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zoomorphic
• Wikipedia. "Nkisi." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkisi
• Wikipedia. "Saharan Rock Art." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharan_rock_art
• Wikipedia. "Jebel Uweinat." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Uweinat
• Wikipedia. "Pictograph." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pictograph
• Wikipedia. "Neolithic Subpluvial." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Subpluvial

• Wikipedia. "Rock Art." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_art
• Wikipedia. "Petroglyph." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/petroglyph
• Wikipedia. "Cave of Swimmers." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_Swimmers
• Wikipedia. "Tassili n'Ajjer." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassili_n'Ajjer
• Wiktionary. "Pastoralist." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pastoralist
• Saylor. "Great Zimbabwe." CC BY 3.0
http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/HIST101-7.2.1-GuptaDynasty-FINAL.pdf
• Wiktionary. "Pastoralist." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pastoralist
• Wikibooks. "Saylor.org's Ancient Civilizations of the World/Mwenemutapa." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Saylor.org's_Ancient_Civilizations_of_the_World/Mwenemutapa
• Wikipedia. "Great Zimbabwe." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_zimbabwe

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Architecture of the Sub-Saharan Civilizations

Africa Before 1800 CE

Sculpture of the Sub-Saharan Civilizations

Architecture of the Sub-Saharan Civilizations

Igbo brass anklet

Ancient African Kingdoms and Empires

Detail of azoomorphic nkondi

Map of Precolonial Africa

Sculptureof the Benin Kingdom

Nok Rider and Horse, 53 cm tall (1,400 to 2,000 years ago)

Cave of the Swimmers, Egypt

Human and ram's head pendants

Petroglyphat Balho, Djibouti

New Yam Festival

The Order of Ikhamanga

Female power figure of the Vili people - Democratic Republic of Congo

Pendantivory mask of Queen Idia

New Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion

The Northern Stelae Park at the town of Axum, Ethiopia

Valley Complex ruins

Old Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion

The Conical Tower

Biete Giyorgis,ground view

Close-up of Great Zimbabwe

Saltcellar, 16th Century

Ife Bronze Sculpture

Igbo Ukwu bronze

The Obelisk of Aksum after its return to Ethiopia in 2005

An example of Kongo pottery

Great Mosque of Djenné

• Wikipedia. "Ife." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ife

• Wikipedia. "Djenné." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djenne

• Wikipedia. "Neolithic Subpluvial." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Subpluvial

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