WORK, ENERGY,

and POWER

Science, Technology, Engineering, and

Mathematics
Do You Know?

WORK
List five examples of things you have done in the
last year that
you would consider work.

Based on these examples, how do you define
work?
 Do You Know?
In physics, work is the magnitude of the force (F) times the magnitude
of the displacement (d) in the same direction as the force.

W = Fd

What are the SI units for work?

− Force units (N) x distance units (m)

− N•m are also called joules (J).

W = Fd
 Pushing this car is work because F
W = Fd and d are in the same direction.

Why aren’t the following tasks

considered work?

– A student holds a heavy chair at arm’s

length for several minutes.
– A student carries a bucket of water along
a horizontal path while walking at a
constant velocity.
WORK= weight x height

since F = W = mg
then, Work = m g h
A 20.0 kg suitcase is raised 3.0 m above a
platform. How much work is done on the
suitcase?
W  Fd
 (20.0kg )(9.8m / s )(3.0m)
2

 588 J or 5.9  10 2
 Work is a SCALAR
quantity.

Work can be positive or

negative but does not have
a direction.

What is the angle between

F and d in each case?
 A box weighing 200 N is moved
across a horizontal floor by
dragging it with a rope attached
to the front end. If the rope
makes an angle of 300 with the
horizontal, how much work is
done by the man in dragging the
box over a distance of 10 meters?
WORK DONE IN CIRCULAR
MOTION
s
  which means that s  r
r
WORK DONE IN CIRCULAR
MOTION
W  Fr

Torque is the product of a force and its

perpendicular distance to the point of
rotation

  Fr

Therefore, W  
 Solution:
WORK DONE IN CIRCULAR
MOTION 2 cm
r   1 m  0 . 02 m
A force of 20 N is applied on the groove 100 cm
of a wheel with a radius of 2 cm. How C  2  r
much work is done as it makes one
complete turn? W  
 Fr 
Given:
F = 20 N W    2  Fr
r = 2 cm  2 ( 3 . 14 )( 20 N )( 0 . 02 m )
Find: W  2 . 51 J
Work
 Now what do you think?

Based on the Physics definition, what are some

instances you have done last year previously that
you would consider as WORK?
Do you know?

ENERGY
ENERGY

Energy is the quantity that can be transformed from one

form to another.

It is the capacity to do WORK!

ENERGY
DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENERGY

MECHANICAL
CHEMICAL
THERMAL
NUCLEAR
RADIANT
SOUND
ENERGY

Kinetic energy

the energy possessed by moving

bodies.
KINETIC
ENERGY
W  Fd Newton's 2nd Law: F=ma
F
a
m
v  2ad
2

 F   1
v  2  d 
2 KE  mv 2

 m   2

mv 2
Fd 
2
KINETIC
ENERGY A 250-gram bullet is fired with a
W   ( KE )  ( KE ) final  ( KE ) initial speed of 300 m/s. If it stopped
1 2 1
after hitting a target 150 meters
2
( KE )   mv    mv0  away,
2  2 
(a) what is its initial kinetic
energy?

(b) what is the magnitude of the

force that stopped it?
KINETIC
ENERGY A 250-gram bullet is fired with a
1 2 speed of 300 m/s. If it stopped
KE  mv after hitting a target 150 meters
2 away,
1
KE  (0.25kg )(300m / s ) 2
(a) what is its initial kinetic
2
energy?
KE  11,250 N .m or Joules
(b) what is the magnitude of the
KE  1.12  10 J
4
force that stopped it?
KINETIC
ENERGY A 250-gram bullet is fired with a
W  Fd  KE speed of 300 m/s. If it stopped
after hitting a target 150 meters
KE away,
F
d
(a) what is its initial kinetic
11,250 J 11,250 N .m energy?
F 
150m 150m
(b) what is the magnitude of the
F  75 N force that stopped it?
POTENTIAL ENERGY

It is the energy associated with

forces which depends on the
position or conditions of a body
and its surroundings. It is
commonly known as energy at
rest.
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Gravitational Potential Energy

is the potential energy possessed by an

object due to its position.

It is determined by the height of an object

above the earth's center of gravity.

W m g h and W G PE
POTENTIAL ENERGY

Gravitational
Potential Energy
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Determine the GPE of a 0.5 kg
object when it is raised

(a)0.75 m from the floor.

(b) What happens to its GPE if

we double the height?
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Determine the GPE of a 0.5 kg
Given: object when it is raised
m = 0.5 kg
g = 9.8m/s2 (a)0.75 m from the floor.
h = 0.75 m

GPE  mgh
GPE  (0.5kg )(9.8m / s )(0.75m)
2

GPE  3.68 J
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Determine the GPE of a 0.5 kg
Given: object when it is raised
m = 0.5 kg
g = 9.8m/s2 (b)What will happen to its GPE
h = 0.75 m if we will double the height?.

GPE  mgh
GPE  (0.5kg )(9.8m / s )(1.50m)
2

GPE  7.35 J
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Chemical Energy

is the energy possessed by the

particles of matter and is released
or changed into other forms when
the substance undergoes chemical
reaction.
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Elastic Potential Energy

is the energy possessed by an

object like a spring or any other
elastic material due to its
condition.
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Elastic Potential Energy
Fd
PEelastic 
2
F is directly proportional to d, where k stands for
proportionality constant. (SPRING CONSTANT)

F  kd
then,

1
PE elastic  kd 2

2
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Elastic Potential Energy
Fd
PEelastic 
2
F is directly proportional to d, where k stands for
proportionality constant. (SPRING CONSTANT)

F  kd
then,

1
PE elastic  kd 2

2
Do you know?

POWER
 What do you THINK?
Two cars are identical with one exception. One
of the cars has a more powerful engine. How
does having more power make the car behave
differently?

– What does power mean?

– What units are used to measure power?
 What do you THINK?

POWER means “the rate of doing work”.

POWER
Work done Conversion:
Power 
time 1 J/s = 1 watt

also expressed as 1 watt = 107 ergs/s

Fd 1 horsepower, hp = 746 watts

P
t 1 kW = 1000 watts

1 kW = 1.34 hp
POWER
A 60-kg man runs up a staircase 3 m
high in 2.5 seconds. What power has
Fd mgh he developed?
P 
t t Given:
(60kg )(9.8m / s 2 )(3m) 1764 J m = 60 kg
P  h=3m
2.5s 2.5s t = 2.5 s
P  705.6 watts
Find:
P=?
POWER
Fd
Power 
t

also expressed as

d
v
t
P  Fv
MECHANICAL ENERGY
TE = KE + PEg + PEelastic

– Does not include the many other types of energy,

such as thermal energy, chemical potential energy, and
others

• ME is not a new form of energy.

– Just a combination of KE and PE

MECHANICAL
ENERGY
Suppose a 1.00 kg book is dropped from a height of 2.00 m.
Assume
no air resistance.
– Calculate the PE and the KE at the instant the book is released.
• Answer: PE = 19.6 J, KE = 0 J
– Calculate the KE and PE when the book has fallen 1.0 m. •
Answer: PE = 9.81 J, KE = 9.81 J
– Calculate the PE and the KE just as the book reaches the floor.
• Answer: PE = 0 J, KE = 19.6 J
MECHANICAL
ENERGY
Table of Values for the Falling Book
h(m) PE(J) KE(J) TE(J)
0 19.6 0 19.6
0.5 14.7 4.9 19.6
1.0 9.8 9.8 19.6
1.5 4.9 14.7 19.6
2.0 0 19.6 19.6
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

The sum of KE and PE remains constant.

• One type of energy changes into another type.
– For the falling book, the PE of the book changed into KE as it
fell.
– As a ball rolls up a hill, KE is changed into PE.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Acceleration does not have to be constant.
• Mechanical Energy is not conserved if friction is present.
– If friction is negligible, conservation of ME is reasonably accurate.
A pendulum as it swings back and forth a few times

• Consider a child going down a slide with friction.

– What happens to the Mechanical Energy as he slides down?

It is not conserved but, instead, becomes less and less.

– What happens to the “lost” energy?

It is converted into nonmechanical energy (thermal
energy).
 Now, what do you think?

• What is meant when scientists say a quantity is

“conserved”?

• Describe examples of quantities that are

conserved.

– Are they always conserved? If not, why?

 Law of Conservation of Energy

1. Energy is neither created nor destroyed

2. Energy can be transformed/converted

3. The total amount of energy in the system remains

constant
 This Presentation is Prepared by

Jomar Moreno Bacani,LPT

Physics Instructor

“Power without wisdom is wasted energy”