GENETIC CONTROL

By. Yasmine Hadiastriani

The Structure of DNA and RNA
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA
(Ribonucleic Acid) are macromolecules and
polymer
DNA and RNA made from a long chain of
nucleotides, therefore DNA and RNA are
polynucleotide, or sometimes called as Nucleic
Acids
Nucleotides
Made up of three components : Ribose for RNA
1. A pentose (5-carbon) sugar
Deoxyribose for
DNA
Purine bases :
2. A phosphate group Adenine (A)
3. A nitrogen-containing base Guanine (G)

Pirimidine bases :
Thymine (T), for
DNA
Cytosine (C)
Uracil (U), only for
RNA
 Polynucleotide
1 Polynucleotides strand of DNA and RNA are formed of
alternating sugars and phosphates, with the bases projecting
sideaway
2 DNA molecules are made of two polynucleotide strands by
hydrogen bonds between the bases
3 Purine bases (A and G) are larger molecules than pyrimidine
bases (C and T/U)
There is just enough room for two sugars – phosphate backbones
for one purine and one pyrimidine, so purine and pyrimidine
always in pair
- Adenine always pairs
withTymine/uracil
(for RNA) Complementary Base
- Guanine always pairs Pairing
with Cytosin
DNA Replication
Genetic molecule has the ability to be copied perfectly
many times over.
“two strands of the DNA molecule could be split apart.
New nucleotides could then line up along each strand
opposite partners and join up to form
complementary strand along each half on the original
molecule. The new DNA molecules would be just like
the old ones, because each base would only pair with
its complementary one. Each pair of strands could then
wind up again into a double helix, like the original one”
(James Watson & Francis Crick, 1953) semi-
conservative replication
 Replication Type
1. Conservative Replication : produce one completely new
double helix would be made from the old ones
2. Semi-conservative Replication : in each new molecule
would contain one old strand and one new one
3. Dispersive Replication : in which each new molecule
would be made of old bits and new bits scattered
randomly through the molecules

Note : Most people thought that semi-conservative

replication was most likely based on Watson
and Crick Theory
 Replication Process
1. The DNA double helix unwinds and ‘unzips’ as the
Hydrogen bonds between the bases break by the help of
Helixase enzyme
2. In the nucleus, the nucleotides have been added with two
extra phosphate. The extra phosphate activate the
nucleotides, enabling them to take part in starting the
replication.
3. The bases of the activated nucleotides pair up with their
complementary base on each of the old DNA strands and
link up the next nucleotides together by the help of DNA
Polymerase enzyme.
4. The extra phosphate are broken of and released into the
nucleus
5. The new strand is bind with the old strand by the help of
Ligase enzyme
 DNA and Protein Synthesis
DNA is the tool that control all of the activities of the cell,
because cell activities are control by the enzyme which
made from proteins and the DNA is the code for proteins
that control which protein are made
DNA controls protein structure by determining the exact
order in which amino acids join together when protein are
made in cell
DNA Triplet Code
The sequence of bases or nucleotides in a DNA
molecule is a code for the sequence of amino acids in a
polypeptide.
The code form in a three letter (triplet) code. Each
sequence of three bases strands for one amino acid
The code is read in one particular direction and only
one of two strands of the DNA molecule
Gene or Genomes !?
Gene is a part of a DNA molecules which codes for just
one polypeptide.
Genome is the total set of genes or a total information in
a cell.
 Protein Synthesis Process
1. DNA strands inside the nucleus unwinds and unzips in the Hydrogen bonds
by the help of Helixase enzyme
2. One strand of DNA molecules act as a ‘template’ and build a molecule pair up
with their complementary. It will form another sugar-phosphate backbone
called mRNA (messenger RNA) with the help of RNA Polymerase enzyme.
3. mRNA leaves the nucleus via a pore in the nuclear envelope
4. In the cytoplasm, there are free amino acids and tRNA (Transfer RNA)
molecules. Amino acids bind with the tRNA and made the base triplet called
Anticodon
5. mRNA attaches to a ribosome that made from rRNA (Ribosome RNA).
6. Ribosome has the small and large subunit
7. mRNA bind with the small subunit of ribosome and make some bases called
Codon.
8. Start Codon always AUG and it will bind with the Anticodon UAC, so it
means first Amino Acid always Methionine
9. The process of translation the Codon will continue until the Stop Codon
(UAA, UAC, or UGA) is exposed