CELL STRUCTURE

By. Yasmine Hadiastriani, S.Si.

Microscope
• Light Microscope
• Electron Microscope
Light Microscope
• Uses light waves as it's source of radiation and
• This has to do with the wavelength of the radiation
- visible light ranges from 400-700nm,
• To see a structure, that structure has to be greater
than half the wavelength used, so as to interfere
with the light waves and produce an image.
• This means the maximum resolution of a light
microscope is around 200nm.
• Can magnify until 1500 times
Electron Microscope
• Use electrons.
• Has a much smaller wavelength, this allows them to
see much smaller structures than light microscopes
- up to and including 0.5nm, and a single DNA
molecule is 2nm.
• Maximum Magnification 500000 x
• Electron microscopes however do have a drawback
- the specimen must be scanned in a vacuum, and
since water boils at room temperature in a vacuum,
all specimens must be dehydrated before being
examined, and thus only dead material can be seen.
Magnification and Resolution
• Optical magnification is defined as the ratio between the
apparent size of an object (or its size in an image) and its
actual size. It can be calculated as thus;
Magnification = Size - of - specimen
Actual – size - of - specimen
• Resolution on the other hand, is defined as the ability to
distinguish between two separate points. If the light
microscope cannot distinguish between the two separate
points, those two points become one in the resulting
image. For example, ribosomes are approximately 22nm
in diameter and when viewed with a light microscope
cannot be discerned as it does not interfere with the light
waves, whereas a 1000nm mitochondrion does.
 WHAT IS
CELL?

CELL SIZE CELL SHAPE

CELL

TYPES OF ORGANELLE
CELL FUNCTION

ORGANELLE
WHAT IS CELL?
• Discovered by Robert Hooke (1653)
• The cell is the smallest unit of matter that can carry
on all the processes of life and build a block of life.
• Cell theory (Schwann and Scheleiden, 1839) :
1. All living things are composed of one or more cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function
in an organism.
3. Cells come only from the replication of existing
cells.
CELL SIZE
The largest cell is ovum
The smallest cell is bacteria
CELL SHAPE
• Have a variety of shapes based on their function
• Examples :
a) Muscle cells: contain numerous organelles
providing energy needed for muscle contraction
b) Nerve cells: are long and thin to carry
impulses over distance
c) Cells of renal tubule lining are cube-shaped (helps
with their function of absorption/secretion)

d) Blood cells are rounded disks, so that they can flow

smoothly
TYPES OF CELL
There are two types of cell based on the existence of
the nucleus and nucleus membrane
1. Prokaryote
2. Eukaryote
PROKARYOTE
EUKARYOTE
ORGANELLE
Organelle is a part of cell that do some metabolic
process inside the cell
Organelle’s function is like organ function of human
body
ORGANELLE
EUKARYOTE
ORGANELLE PROKARYOTE ANIMAL CELL PLANT
CELL
Nucleus - v v
Reticulum - v v
Endoplasmic (RE)

Ribosome v v v
Golgi Apparatus - v v
Cytoplasm v v v
Plastids - - v
Mitochondria - v v
Lysosome - v -
Centrosome - v -
Cell Wall v - v
THE FUNCTION
1. Nucleus : control the cell and the place where
almost all DNA replication and RNA synthesis
(Transcription) occur.
2. Reticulum Endoplasmic : the transport network
for molecules targeted for certain modifications
and specific destinations.
- Rough RE consists of Ribosome : synthesize
proteins from amino acids
- Smooth RE consists of lack Ribosome
3. Golgi Apparatus : to process and package the
macromolecules such as proteins and lipids that
are synthesized by the cell.
4. Cytoplasm : Place of the organelle, in prokaryote
its function is place of DNA and metabolic process
of cell
5. Plastids : Organelles that are modified chloroplasts
6. Mitochondria : generating energy (ATP) in the
eukaryotic cell by Oxidation process.
7. Lysosome : They digest excess or worn-out
organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or
bacteria.
8. Centrosome : directs the transport through the RE
and the Golgi apparatus
9. Cell Wall : covering cell
 Animal Cell

Cell Membrane Nucleus

Controls what passes Controls cell
into and out of cell activities, contains
(partially permeable) genetic information

Cytoplasm
Where all chemical
reactions take place.
 Plant Cell
Cell Wall
Made of cellulose
Gives cell strength and
Nucleus support

Vacuole
Contains a weak solution of
Cell
salt and water called cell
sap. membrane
Gives cell support
Chloroplast
cytoplasm Contains chlorophyll,
which absorbs the sun’s
energy to make food in
photosynthesis
Comparing Plant and Animal cells
Animal Cells Plant Cells

Nucleus Nucleus

Cytoplasm Cytoplasm

Cell membrane Cell membrane

Cell wall

Chloroplast

vacuole
 Levels of Organisation
• To be able to define tissue, organ and organ
system
• To be able to relate structures of tissues to their
functions
• To be able to calculate the magnification and
size of biological specimens
Objective: To understand what happens when cells work together.

The basic building block of life

Objective: To understand what happens when cells work together.

A group of cells of the same type

Objective: To understand what happens when cells work together.

A group of tissues that work together to perform a function

 Objective: To understand what happens when cells work together.
Order the words below in your pyramid. Have the
smallest on the bottom and work up to the largest.

Organelle Organ system

Organ Cell

Organism Tissue
If you do this you can try and fill in the other side of the triangle with the
specific example e.g. an example of an organelle is a nucleus
Objective: To understand what happens when cells work together.

Organism

Organ system

Organ

Tissue

Cell

Organelle
We have lots of different Organ Systems. Can
you name any?

These are just examples of a few, we will be covering

a lot of them in more detail over the next few weeks!
Together all of these organ systems make an
organism like you!
Specialised Cells

Animals
 Key Definitions
• Tissue
– Group of cells similar in structure that work together
to perform a special function
• Organ
– Several tissues grouped together to make a structure
with a special function
• Organ system
– Group of organs with closely related functions
 Ciliated Cells
• These are found in your trachea and Bronchi
• They contain tiny hairs called cilia which can
move mucus
• They carry the mucus with bacteria and dust
away from the lungs
 Muscle Cells
• Muscle cells merge together to form fibres that
can contract.
• Their function is to bring about movement when
they contract.
 Red Blood Cells
• Red blood cells have no nucleus, the have a biconcave
shape and they contain haemoglobin.
• Their function is to transport oxygen around the body.
 Pupil Activity
• Body Building – tissues and organs
– Questions 1 – 8
– Complete the “what you need to remember” section
Specialised Cells

Plants
 Root Hair Cells
• These cells have long thin extensions to give a
large surface area
• Their function is to
– absorb the water and mineral ions from the soil
– Anchor the plant firmly in the soil
 Xylem Cells
• These are long, thin cells arranged end-to-end to
form vessels (tubes).
• The cells lack end walls and cell contents such
as cytoplasm and nucleus. The walls become
lignified.
• Their function is to
– Transport water and mineral ions from roots to
leaves.
– Lignin provides strength for the stem and makes the
vessels waterproof.
 Specialised Cells
• Fill in the table with
– The name of the cell
– The structure of the cell
– The function of the cell

• Look at the colour worksheet on cells

– Is the cell and animal or a plant cell?
– What type of cell is it?
– What does it do?