NUCLEAR DIVISION

By. Yasmine Hadiastriani

 Why do cells do division?
 growth and repair
 creation of gametes (sex cells)
 method of reproduction in unicellular organisms
 Binary Fission - type of reproduction that occurs in bacterial
cells, single celled organism splits and becomes two identical
organisms
 Cells reproduce by dividing and passing on their genes
(hereditary information) to ‘daughter cells’
 Nuclear division combined with cell division allow cell to
reproduce themselves.
 E.g. The cells in human body come from one cell (Zygote),
which was the cell formed when two gametes from parents
fused
 Definition of Chromosomes
 Made from two word :
 Chromo means coloured

 Somes means bodies

 Chromosomes is a number of

characteristics thread-like structures

visible in nucleus.
 Chromosomes consists of DNA and

histone (alkaline proteins found in

eukaryotic cell nuclei that package
and order the DNA into structural
units)
 They are easily to see because they

stain with particular stains.

 The number of chromosomes show

different characteristics each species.

E.g. 46 chromosomes for human and 8
chromosomes for fruit flies
 Chromosomes
 A complete set of chromosomes in organism is composed in
the shape called Karyotype.
 Chromosomes in the nucleus are always located in pairs of
approximately the same length, centromere position, and
staining pattern, with genes for the same characteristics at
corresponding loci Homologous Pairs
 Each Homologous Pairs can be distinguished because each
pair has a distinctive banding pattern when stained
 Half set of chromosomes are come from one of the parents
 Chromosomes have two kind : Sex Chromosomes (XX for
female and XY for male) and Autosomes (Somatic
Chromosome)
 Each Chromosomes has a characteristic set of genes which
code for different features Human Genome Project
Banding Patterns of Human Chromosomes
 Haploid and Diploid Cells
 Diploid (2n) Cells that contain two sets of
chromosomes. E.g. Autosome Cell has 46
chromosomes
 Haploid (n) cells that contain one set of
chromosomes. E.g. Sexual Cell (Gamete) has 23
chromosomes

Note : n = number of chromosomes in one set of

chromosomes
 The Structure of Chromosomes
1. Two identical Chromatids
(sister chromatids) : each
made of one DNA molecule,
make one chromosome
2. Centromere : structure that
holds the two chromatids
together
3. Genes : part of DNA
molecules that control one
characteristic in organism, in
reality each chromosomes is
made up of thousand genes.
4. Locus or Loci : Exact
location of a gene for a
particular characteristic in
chromosomes
 Homologous Pairs of Chromosomes
 Each member of a
homologous pair of
chromosomes comes one of
the parents (23 maternal
chromosomes + 23
paternal chromosomes)
23 homologous pairs
 Each member of a pair
possesses genes for the
same characteristics, but
it may exist in different
forms (alleles) which are
expressed
Two Types of Nuclear Division :
Growth Nuclear Division
 The division of a diploid
zygote (one cell) for
growing into a
multicellular diploid adult
 This division keep the
same number of
chromosomes as the
parents cell
 It is called as MITOSIS
Sexual Reproduction Nuclear Division
 The reducing division
of a cell for making the
sexual cell (gamete)
 The division will
produce halves of the
number of
chromosome in one set
 It is called as MEIOSIS
 Mitosis in An Animal Cell
 Mitosis is nuclear division that produces two
genetically identical daughter nuclei, each
containing the same number of chromosomes as the
parent nucleus.
 Mitosis will form a nuclear division and it is a part of
Cell Cycle
 Significance Of Mitosis
 The nuclei of two daughter cells formed have the same
number of chromosomes as their parent nucleus and
genetically identical growth of multicelullar
organisms from unicelullar zygotes
 Replacement of cells and repair of tissues is using
mitosis followed by cell division cell are constantly
dying and being replaced by identical cells
 Basis of asexual reproduction ability to generate
whole organisms from single cells or small group of
cells and become important in biotechnology and
genetic modification
MITOSIS STAGES
 Cancer
 Most common disease that cause death
 Lung cancer most common form of cancer in men
 Breast cancer leading form of cancer in women
 Cancer happens as the result of uncontrolled mitosis of cancerous cells
and it can develop tumour (irregular mass of cells)
 Cancers are started when changes occur in the genes that control cell
division mutated genes
 Mutated gene that cause cancer oncogene
 A change in any gene mutation
 Mutations are not unusual events, and most mutated cells can cause
early death of cell or it can be destroyed by the body’s immune
system
 Cancerous cells manage the mutation, the effect is although the mutation
may occur only in one cell, it is passed on to all cell’s descendants.
 When it is detected, a tumour has already formed
 Carcinogen
 A factor which brings about any mutation :
mutagen/mutagenic
 Any agent that causes cancer :
carcinogen/carcinogenic
 Carcinogenic :
1. Ionising radiation
2. Chemicals
3. Virus Infection
4. Hereditary predisposition
Tumour
 Has two form :
1. Benign tumour : do not spread from the site of

origin, but can compress and displace surrounding

tissues, E.g. Ovarian cysts and some brain tumour
2. Malignant (Cancerous) tumour : can spread
throughout body, invade other tissues and destroy
them. It can interfere the normal function of cell,
block the intestine or blood vessels. It can break off
and spread into blood vessels or lymphatic system
to form secondary growth Metastasis
 Stages in Development Cancer
 Look at pg. 87, fig. 6.16
Task
 Make a summary about 4 Carcinogenic substance