What are the differences apprtoches

For selecting participants and sites

And what types of permissions will be required

To gain acces to participants andFirstsites

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What are THE DIFFERENT SAMPLING APPROACHES
FOR SELECTING PARTICIPANTS AND SITES?

Not the same as quantitative research, the intent of the

qualitative research is not to generalize the population but to
develop an in depth exploration of a central phenomenon

In quantitative research, the focus is on random sampling,

selecting representative individuals, and then generalizing from
these individuals to a population. Often this process results in
testing “theories” that explain the population.

However, in qualitative research, you select people or sites

that can best help you understand the central phenomenon.
This understanding emerges through a detailed understanding
of the people or site. It can lead to information that allows
individuals to “learn” about the phenomenon, or to an
understanding that provides voice to individuals who may not
be heard otherwise.
Purposeful
sampling
We use the random sampling in
quantitative research,,
In the other hand, we use the purposeful
sampling for the qualitative research.
Explanation

In purposeful sampling, researchers intentionally

select individuals and sites to learn or understand the
central phenomenon. The standard used in choosing
participants and sites is whether they are “information rich”
(Patton, 1990, p. 169). In any given qualitative study, you
may decide to study a site (e.g., one college campus),
several sites, individuals or groups (freshman students), or
some combination. Purposeful sampling thus applies to
both individuals and sites.
you need to identify your sampling strategy and be
able to defend its use if you want to use the purposeful
sampling.
 01 Maximal Variation Sampling

02 Extreme Case Sampling

03 Typical Sampling

04 Theory or Concept Sampling

05 Homogeneous Sampling
06 Critical Sampling

07 Opportunistic Sampling
08 Snowball Sampling
09 Confirming/Disconfirming Sampling

Type of
purposeful
Before data collection After data collection has started sampling
 Maximal Variation
Sampling
.

Maximal variation sampling is a purposeful

sampling strategy in which the researcher
samples cases orindividuals that differ on
some characteristic or trait (e.g., different age
groups). This procedure requires that you
identify the characteristic and then fi nd sites
or individuals that display different dimensions
of that characteristic.

For example, a researcher might first identify

the characteristic of racial composition of high
schools, and then purposefully sample three
high schools that differ on this characteristic.
Extreme Case
Sampling
Extreme case sampling is a form of purposeful
sampling in which you study an outlier case or one
that displays extreme characteristics. Researchers
identify these cases by locating persons or
organizations that others have cited for
achievements or distinguishing characteristics (e.g.,
certain elementary schools targeted for federal
assistance).

An autistic education program in elementary

education that has received awards may be an
outstanding case to purposefully sample.
 Typical sampling is a form of purposeful sampling in
which the researcher studies a person or site that is
“typical” to those unfamiliar with the situation.
What constitutes typical, of course,is open to
interpretation.

However, you might ask persons at a research site

or even select a typical case by collecting
demographic data or survey data about all cases.

Typical You could study a typical faculty member at a small

liberal arts college because that individual has
Sampling worked at the institution for 20 years and has
embodied the cultural norms of the school.
 Theory or Concept Sampling

• Theory or Concept Sampling is a purposeful sampling strategy which is

the researcher sample individuals or sites. It because they can help the
resarcher generate a theory or spesific concept in the theory.
• In this method, you need a clear understanding of the concept expected
to appear during the resaerch.
 Homogeneous Sampling

• Homogeneous Sampling is a purposeful sampling individuals

based on membership in a subgroup that has defining
characteristics .
• This method used to identify the characteristics and find
individuals who prossess it.
 Critical Sampling

Critical Sampling is a sampling strategy which is to

study a critical sample because it is an exceptional
case and here the researcher can learn much about the
phenomena.
 Opportunistic Sampling

• Opportunistic Sampling is a purposeful sampling which do

after the research start. The researchers do this purposeful
sampling to take advantage of ongoing events that will help to
answer the research question.
• In this process, the sample appaer during the research.
 Snowball Sampling

• Snowball Sampling is a form of purposeful sampling that usually

proceeds after a research start and accurs when the researchers asks
the participants to recommed other in dividuals to be sampled.
• In this process, the researchers may proposed this request as a
question during an interview or through informal conversations with
individuals at a research site.
Confirming and Disconfirming Sampling

Confirming and disconfirming sampling is a purposeful

strategy used during a study to follow up on specific cases
to test or explore further specific findings.
Sample Size or Number of Research Sites
The number of people and sites sampled vary from one
qualitative study to the next. You might examine some published
qualitative studies and see what numbers of sites or
participants researchers used. Here are some general guidelines:
1. It is typical in qualitative research to study a few individuals
or a few cases.
2. In some cases, you might study a single individual or a single
site.
TYPES OF PERMISSIONS TO GAIN
ACCESS TO PARTICIPANTS AND
SITES
 Seek Institutional Review Board
Approval
Researchers applying for permission to study individuals in a
qualitative project must go through the approval process of a campus
institutional review board. These steps include seeking permission from
the board, developing a description of the project, designing an
informed consent form, and having the project reviewed. Because
qualitative data collection consists of lengthy periods of gathering
information directly involving people and recording detailed personal
views from individuals, you will need to provide a detailed description
of your procedures to the institutional review board
Several strategies when negotiating qualitative research
through the institutional review board process:

◆ Determine if individuals reviewing proposals on the review board are

familiar with qualitative inquiry
◆ Develop detailed descriptions of the procedures
◆ Discuss the need to respect the research site and to disturb or disrupt
it as little as possible
◆ Detail how the study will provide opportunities to “give back” or
reciprocate in some way to those individuals you study
◆ Acknowledge that during your prolonged interaction with participants
◆ Specify potential power imbalances that may occur between yourself and the
participants
◆ Detail how much time you will spend at the research site.
◆ Include in the project description a list of the interview questions
 Gatekeepers

A gatekeeper is an individual who has an offi cial or unoffi cial role

at the site, provides entrance to a site, helps researchers locate people,
and assists in the identifi cation of places to study (Hammersley &
Atkinson, 1995)
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