CHEM111-Week3-Atoms and The Periodic Table

Atoms and the Periodic
Table
All matter is made up of small
particles called atoms
Atoms, in turn, are made up of

Atoms even smaller particles called
subatomic particles
Three types of subatomic

particles are found within atoms
From: Stoker, S. (2007) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 4 th edition, Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
(pp. 47-66) Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
Subatomic Particles
• All protons and all neutrons are found at the

center of an atom
• Almost all of the mass of an atom is concentrated
in its center
• The outer region of an atom contains all of the
electrons
• The nucleon is any subatomic particle found in
the nucleus of an atom
• An atom as a whole is electrically neutral
Atomic Number and Mass
Number
• The atomic number is the number of protons in the
nucleus of an atom (Z)
Z = number of protons = number of electrons
• The mass number is the number of protons and the
number of neutrons in the nucleus (A)
A = number of protons + number of neutrons
• Complete chemical symbol notation: atomic number is
placed as a subscript in front of the chemical symbol and
the mass number is placed as a superscript in front of the
chemical symbol
Electrons and Chemical Properties
The chemical properties

of an atom are An element is a pure
determined by the substance in which all
number and arrangement atoms present have the
of electrons about the same atomic number
nucleus
Isotopes
• An atom must have the same

number of electrons and protons
• However, the number of neutrons
do not have to be the same as the
number of protons or electrons
• Isotopes are atoms of an element
that have the same number of
protons and the same number of
electrons but different numbers of
neutrons
• The atomic mass is the calculated average
mass for the isotopes of an element,
Atomic Mass expressed on a scale where 126C serves as the
reference point
Periodic Law and Periodic
Table
• The periodic law states that when elements are arranged in
order of increasing atomic number, elements with similar
chemical properties occur in periodic (regularly recurring)
intervals
• A periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the elements
in order of increasing atomic number such that elements
having similar chemical properties are positioned in vertical
columns
Groups and
Periods
• A period is a horizontal row
of elements in the periodic
table
• A group is a vertical column
of elements in the periodic
table
• Four Groups of elements
have common (non-
numerical) names
• Alkali metal, Alkaline earth
metal, Halogen and Noble
Gas
• A metal is an element that has the characteristic properties of luster,
Metals and thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and malleability

• A nonmetal is an element characterized by the absence of properties of
Nonmetals luster, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and malleability
• The majority of the elements are metals
• Electrons are restricted to specific regions
within the extranuclear portion of the atom
• Electron energies are limited to certain values,
and a specific behavior is associated with each
allowed energy value
Electron
• The space in which electrons move rapidly
Arrangements about is divided into subspaces called shells,
within Atoms subshells and orbitals
Electron Shells
• An electron shell is a region of space about
a nucleus that contains electrons that gave
approximate the same energy and that
spend most of their time approximately the
same distance from the nucleus
• Electron shells are numbered 1, 2, 3, and so
on, outward from the nucleus
• The higher shell number (n), the more
electrons can be present
• The lowest-energy shell (n = 1)
accommodates a maximum of 2 electrons.
In the second, third and fourth shells, 8, 18,
32 electrons, respectively, are allowed
Electron Subshells
• An electron subshell is a region of space within an electron shell that contains

electrons that have the same energy
• The number of subshells within a shell is the same as the shell number
• Subshells differ in size, and each type is designated using the letters s, p, d and
f. Listed in this order, these letters denote subshells of increasing energy and
size
• An s subshell can accommodate a maximum of 2 electrons, p subshell 6
electrons, a d subshell 10 electrons, and an f subshell 14 electrons
Electron Subshells
• Both a number and a letter are used in
identifying subshells
• The number gives the shell within
which the subshell is located, and the
letter gives the type of subshell
• Ex. Shell number 1 has only one
subshell, the 1s
• Shell 2 has two subshells, the 2s and 2p
• Shell 3 has three subshells, the 3s, 3p,
and 3d
Electron Orbitals
• An electron orbital is a region of space within an electron subshell where an

electron with a specific energy is most likely to be found
• An electron orbital, independent of all other considerations, can
accommodate maximum of 2 electrons
• Thus an s subshell (2 electrons) contains one orbital, a p subshell (6 electrons)
contains three orbitals, a d subshell (10 electrons) five orbitals, and an f
subshell (14 electrons) contains seven orbitals
Electron
Orbitals
• Orbitals have distinct shaped
related to the type of
subshell which they are found
• An s orbital, found in the s
subshell, is spherical in shape
• p orbitals, found in the p
subshell, have shaped similar
to the “figure 8”
Electron
Configuration
• Electron subshells are filled in
order of increasing energy
• However, energies of
subshells in different shelf
often “overlap”
• For example, the 4s subshell
has lower energy than the 3d
subshell
Writing Electron Configurations
• An electron configuration is a statement of how many electrons an atom has

in each of its electron subshells
• Electron configurations are written using symbols
• Subshells containing electrons, listed in the order of increasing energy, are
designated by using number-letter combinations (1s, 2s, and 2p etc.)
• A superscript following each subshell designation indicated the number of
electrons in that subshell
• The electron configuration for nitrogen (atomic number = 7) is: 1s22s22p3
Writing Electron Configurations
• Carbon (atomic number = 6)

• Fill the first subshell: 1s2
• Since 2 electrons had been assigned, and there are 6 electrons in total, 4 more electrons can be distributed
to the shells
• Fill the next subshell: 1s22s2
• A total of 4 electrons had been assigned, and there is 2 more left
• Fill the next subshell: 1s22s22p2
• A p subshell can accommodate a total of 6 electrons, but we only placed 2 electrons in it since only 2
electrons are free to be assigned
Practice
• Write the electron configuration of the following

elements
• Strontium (atomic number = 38)
• 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s2
• Lead (atomic number = 82)
• 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p2
Electron
Configurations and
the Periodic Law
• Groups (columns) of
elements have similar
chemical properties because
of similarities in their
electron configuration
• Ex. The group IA of the
periodic table

CHEM111-Week3-Atoms and The Periodic Table

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHEM111-Week3-Atoms and The Periodic Table

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Atoms and the Periodic

Atoms, in turn, are made up of

Three types of subatomic

• All protons and all neutrons are found at the

The chemical properties

• An atom must have the same

Metals and thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and malleability

• An electron subshell is a region of space within an electron shell that contains

• An electron orbital is a region of space within an electron subshell where an

• An electron configuration is a statement of how many electrons an atom has

• Carbon (atomic number = 6)

• Write the electron configuration of the following

You might also like