COMMUNICATION

PROCESSES,PRINCIPLES
AND ETHICS

Ma. Elaine P. Trinidad

 What is Communication?
Communication is derived from the Latin
word “common” which means,
“belonging to many” and “communico”
means to confer with others. It is the
mutual exchange of information, ideas,
and understanding by any effective means
Two Types of Communication

VerbalCommunication
Nonverbal Communication
Verbal communication is the use of sounds and words
to express yourself, especially in contrast to
using gestures or mannerisms (non-verbal
communication). An example of verbal communication
is saying “No” when someone asks you to do
something you don't want to do.
 Nonverbal communication is the transmission of messages or signals
through a nonverbal platform such as eye contact, facial expressions, 
gestures, posture, and the distance between two individuals. It includes
the use of visual cues such as body language (kinesics), distance (
proxemics) and physical environments/appearance, of voice (
paralanguage) and of touch (haptics).[1] It can also include the use of
time (chronemics) and eye contact and the actions of looking while
talking and listening, frequency of glances, patterns of fixation, pupil
dilation, and blink rate (oculesics).
The Nature of Communication
Communication is a process
Communication occurs between two or
more people.
Communication could be expresses by
verbal or non-verbal.
THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Communication Process
Definition
The term communication
process refers to the exchange
of information (a message)
between two or more people.
 Elements of Communication
The Sender(speaker/encoder)
The communication process begins with the sender, who is also called
the communicator or source. The sender has some kind of
information — a command, request, question, or idea — that he or she
wants to present to others. For that message to be received, the sender
must first encode the message in a form that can be understood, such as
by the use of a common language or industry jargon, and then transmit it.
the sender also known as the encoder decides on the
message to be sent and the best/most effective way that it
can be sent.
It is the sender’s job to CONCEPTUALIZE (form a
concept of idea)
The Receiver(listener/decoding)
The person to whom a message is directed is
called the receiver or the interpreter. To
comprehend the information from the sender, the
receiver must first be able to receive the sender's
information and then decode or interpret it.
The receiver or the decoder is responsible for
extracting/ decoding meaning from the message.
 The receiver is also responsible for providing
feedback to the sender
The Message
The message or content is the information that the
sender wants to relay to the receiver. Additional 
subtext can be conveyed through body language
and tone of voice. Put all three elements
together — sender, receiver, and message — and
you have the communication process at its most
basic.
For example, a message may be communicated in
the form of a letter, an email or face to face in the
form of a speech
CHANNEL
The channel is responsible for the delivery of the
chosen message form.
Message is transmitted.

For example: post office, internet, television and

radio,Text messages.
 FEEDBACK (response)
The communication process reaches its final point
when the message has been successfully transmitted,
received, and understood. The receiver, in turn,
responds to the sender, indicating comprehension. 
Feedback may be direct, such as a written or verbal
response, or it may take the form of an act or deed in
response (indirect).
CONTEXT
This is the setting and situation in which communication takes
place. Like noise, context can have an impact on the
successful exchange of information. It may have a physical,
social, or cultural aspect to it. In a private conversation with a
trusted friend, you would share more personal information or
details about your weekend or vacation, for example, than in a
conversation with a work colleague or in a meeting.
NOISE(Barrier)
This can be any sort of interference that
affects the message being sent, received, or
understood. It can be as literal as static over a
phone line or radio or as esoteric as
misinterpreting a local custom.
 7 C’s of Communication
Completeness
The communication must be complete. It should
convey all facts required by the audience. The
sender of the message must take into consideration
the receiver’s mind set and convey the message
accordingly.
A complete communication has following features:
 Complete communication develops and enhances reputation of an
organization.
Moreover, they are cost saving as no crucial information is missing and no
additional cost is incurred in conveying extra message if the communication is
complete.
 A complete communication always gives additional information wherever
required. It leaves no questions in the mind of receiver.
 Complete communication helps in better decision-making by the
audience/readers/receivers of message as they get all desired and crucial
information.
 It persuades the audience.
Conciseness
Conciseness means wordiness, i.e,
communicating what you want to convey in least
possible words without forgoing the other C’s of
communication. Conciseness is a necessity for
effective communication.
Concise communication has following features:
 It is both time-saving as well as cost-saving.
 Itunderlines and highlights the main message as it avoids using
excessive and needless words.
 Concise communication provides short and essential message in
limited words to the audience.
 Concise message is more appealing and comprehensible to the
audience.
 Concise message is non-repetitive in nature.
Consideration
Consideration implies “stepping into the shoes of others”.
Effective communication must take the audience into
consideration, i.e, the audience’s view points, background, mind-
set, education level, etc. Make an attempt to envisage your
audience, their requirements, emotions as well as problems.
Ensure that the self-respect of the audience is maintained and
their emotions are not at harm. Modify your words in message to
suit the audience’s needs while making your message complete.
Features of considerate communication are as follows:
Emphasize on “you” approach.
Empathize with the audience and exhibit interest in the
audience. This will stimulate a positive reaction from the
audience.
Show optimism towards your audience. Emphasize on “what
is possible” rather than “what is impossible”. Lay stress on
positive words such as jovial, committed, thanks, warm,
healthy, help, etc.
Clarity
Clarity implies emphasizing on a specific message or goal at a
time, rather than trying to achieve too much at once.
Clarity in communication has following features:
It makes understanding easier.
Complete clarity of thoughts and ideas enhances the meaning
of message.
Clear message makes use of exact, appropriate and concrete
words.
Concreteness
Concrete communication implies being particular and clear
rather than fuzzy and general. Concreteness strengthens the
confidence.
Concrete message has following features:
It is supported with specific facts and figures.
It makes use of words that are clear and that build the
reputation.
Concrete messages are not misinterpreted.
Courtesy
Courtesy in message implies the message should
show the sender’s expression as well as should
respect the receiver. The sender of the message
should be sincerely polite, judicious, reflective
and enthusiastic.
Courteous message has following features:
Courtesy implies taking into consideration both
viewpoints as well as feelings of the receiver of the
message.
Courteous message is positive and focused at the
audience.
It makes use of terms showing respect for the receiver
of message.
It is not at all biased.
Correctness
 Correctness in communication implies
that there are no grammatical errors in
communication.
Correct communication has following features:
The message is exact, correct and well-timed.
If the communication is correct, it boosts up the confidence
level.
Correct message has greater impact on the
audience/readers.
It checks for the precision and accurateness of facts and
figures used in the message.
It makes use of appropriate and correct language in the
message
Ethics of Communication
Ethics is an integral part of communication. When
we communicate, we do not simply choose words;
we choose words for the effect they will have on
our audiences, on ourselves, and ultimately, on
society. Also, we choose the manner of
communication because sometimes "what
matters is not what you say, but how you say
things." Thus, when we communicate, we ask
ourselves how harmful or helpful our words and
our ways are.
 Consideration in Ethical
Communication
1.Ethical Communicators are Respectful
of Their Audience.
2. Ethical Communicators Consider the
Consequences of their Communication.
3.Ethical Communicators Respect the
Truth.
4. Ethical Communicators use
information properly.
5. Ethical Communicators Do Not
Falsify Information.

6.Ethical Communicators respect

the right of others to information
information