CP502

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Incompressible Flow of
Viscous Fluids

Set 06: Working with Non-Newtonian Fluids

Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
Velocity profile of a power-law fluid
n
n  du 
Shear stress-strain relationship:   K  K   
 dr 

Shear stress-pressure relationship: 2 rL   r 2 P

Combination gives:

n
rP  du 
 K  (1)
2L  dr 

Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
Velocity profile of a power-law fluid
Rearranging (1): 1/ n
du  rP 
  
dr  2 LK 
Integrating from a distance r to wall at r=R:
0 1/ n R
 P 
  du      1/ n
 r dr
u  2 LK  r

1/ n  n 1 n 1 
 P   n  R n  r n 
u( r )      (2)
 2 LK   n  1 
 

Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
Volumetric flow rate of a power-law fluid
R
Using (2) in Q   u( r )2rdr
0

R 1/ n  n 1 n 1 
 P   n  R n  r n 2rdr
Q  
   
0  2 LK   n  1 
 
1/ n R  n 1 n 1 
 P   n  r  R n  r n dr
Q  2 
     
 2 LK   n  1 0 
 
1/ n 3n 1
 n   P  (3)
Q 
    R n
 3n  1   2 LK 
Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
Average velocity in a power-law fluid

Q
Using (3) in u
R 2
1/ n 3n 1
1  n   P 
 2    R n
R  3n  1   2 LK 
1/ n n 1
 n   P  (4)
    R n
 3n  1   2 LK 

Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
Fanning friction factor for power-law fluids
PD
f  2
(4) Can be rearranged to give:
2 Lu
n
P  3n  1  2 Ku n
 
L  n  R n 1
n
 3n  1  2 Ku n
 
 n   D / 2  n 1
2 n  2 Ku n
n
 3n  1 
 
 n  D n 1
n
 6n  2  4 Ku n
  (5)
 n  n 1
D
Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
Fanning friction factor for power-law fluids
PD
Using (5) in the definition of friction factor f 
2 Lu 2
n n
 6 n  2  4 Ku D
f  
 n  D n 1 2 u 2
n
 6n  2  2K 16
  2n n
 (6)
 n  u D N G Re

where
8 u 2  n D n  n 
n
N G Re    (7)
K  6n  2 
Prof. R. Shanthini is the Generalized Reynolds number
03 July 2019
Generalized Reynolds number
(7) is written in both the equivalent forms given below:

2n n n 2n n n
8u D  n  u D  4n 
N G Re    
K  6n  2  n 1  3n  1 
K8

Substituting n = 1 and K = μ in the above, we get the Reynolds

number as follows:

u D
N G Re   N Re


Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
 Pumping requirement of non-Newtonian fluids

 
2
P2  P1 1 2 2 fu L
Ep   u2  u1  g  z 2  z1  
2
 2  D (8)
u2
 
 C f , contraction  C f , expansion  C f , fittings
2

For laminar flow and shear-thinning liquids,

 2n  1 5n  3
 
3 3n  1 2
For turbulent flow,   1

Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
 Pumping requirement of non-Newtonian fluids

 
2
P2  P1 1 2 2 fu L
Ep   u2  u1  g  z 2  z1  
2
 2  D (8)
u2
 
 C f , contraction  C f , expansion  C f , fittings
2

For laminar flow, 16

f 
N G Re

For turbulent flow, f is obtained from the figure on next slide.

Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
Pumping requirement of non-Newtonian fluids

Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
 Pumping requirement of non-Newtonian fluids

 
2
P2  P1 1 2 2 fu L
Ep   u2  u1  g  z 2  z1  
2
 2  D (8)
u2
 
 C f , contraction  C f , expansion  C f , fittings
2

What are C f ,contraction , C f ,expansion and C f ,fittings?

Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
Pumping requirement of non-Newtonian fluids
For non-Newtonian fluids above a generalized Re of 500, use
data for Newtonian fluids in turbulent flow:

C f ,contractio n  0.41.25   A2 A1   where A2 A1  0.715

C f ,contraction  0.751   A2 A1   where A2 A1  0.715

C f ,expansion   1  A1 A2  2

C f ,fittings from appropriate tables.

Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
 Pumping requirement of non-Newtonian fluids

For non-Newtonian fluids, for the range 20 < NGRe < 500, use
the following:
500  C f ,contraction
C f ,contraction 
N G Re

C f ,contractio n  0.41.25   A2 A1   where A2 A1  0.715

C f ,contraction  0.751   A2 A1   where A2 A1  0.715

500  C f ,expansion
C f ,expansion 
N G Re

C f ,expansion   1  A1 A2  2
Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
 Pumping requirement of non-Newtonian fluids
500  C f ,contraction
C f ,contraction 
N G Re
 A 
C f ,contraction  0.4 1.25  2  where A2 A1  0.715
 A1 
 A 
C f ,contraction  0.751  2  where A2 A1  0.715
 A1 
500  C f ,expansion
C f ,expansion 
N G Re
 A 
C f ,contraction  0.751  2  where A2 A1  0.715
 A1 
500  C f ,fittings
C f ,fittings 
N G Re
C f ,fittings
Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
Example

A non-Newtonian fluid is being pumped from one tank to another

in a 0.0348 m diameter pipe with a mass flow rate of 1.97 kg/s.
The total length of pipe between the tanks is 10 m. The difference
of elevation from inlet to outlet is 3 m. The fittings include three
long-radius 90o flanged elbows, and one fully open angle valve. A
filter present in the pipeline causes 100 kPa pressure drop. Set up a
spread sheet to calculate the pumping requirements.

The properties of the fluid are as follows:

density = 1250 kg/m3,
consistency coefficient = 5.2 Pa.sn,
flow behaviour index = 0.45

Prof. R. Shanthini
Ans: 549.04 W
03 July 2019
Velocity profile of a Herschel–Bulkley fluid
n
n  du 
Shear stress-strain relationship:    0  K   0  K   
 dr 

Shear stress-pressure relationship: 2 rL   r 2 P

Combination gives:

n
rP  du 
0  K  (1a)
2L  dr 

Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
 1/ n
Rearranging (1a): du  rP  0 
   
dr  2 LK K 
Integrating from a distance r to wall at r=R:
0 R 1/ n
 rP  0 
  du      dr
u r
 2 LK K 

rP  0 P
y  will give dy  dr
2 LK K 2 LK
P P  y 1 / n 1
  y
1/ n

2 LK  du  dy will give 
2 LK
u
1/ n 1
 constant

Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
 ( n 1) / n
P n  rP  0 
 u     constant
2 LK n  1  2 LK K 

( n 1) / n
P n  rP  0 
constant   u    at r  R, u  0
2 LK n  1  2 LK K 

( n 1) / n
n  RP  0 
constant     
n  1  2 LK K 

n 2 LK  RP   ( n 1) / n  rP  ( n 1) / n 

u   0   0 
n  1 P  2 LK K   2 LK K   (2a)

Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
Problem 7.1: In a pasteurization treatment of fluid foods, devices in which
the fluid circulates within a tube at the treatment temperature are usually
employed. To ensure a satisfactory pasteurization, it is necessary that the
microorganisms that circulate at the maximum velocity remain long enough
in order to receive an adequate thermal treatment. A fluid food that has a
density of 1250 kg/m3 circulates through a 26.7 mm internal diameter (3/4 in
nominal diameter) with a 10,000 kg/h mass flow rate.
Calculate the value of maximum circulation velocity for the following two
cases:
(a) Clarified juice at 45o Brix peach juice with a viscosity of 9 mPa.s
(b) Egg yolk that presents a power law fluid behaviour, with K = 880
mPa.sn and n = 0.20.

Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
Source: Ibarz and Barbosa-Cánovas, Unit Operations in Food Engineering
Data provided:
 = density = 1250 kg/m3
d = diameter = 26.7 mm = 26.7/1000 m
w = mass flow rate = 10,000 kg/h

Assignment:
vmax = maximum velocity = ?

Calculation starts:
vm = mean velocity
= mass flow rate / (cross-sectional area x density)
= 3.97 m/s

Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
(a) Clarified juice at 45o Brix peach juice with μ = 9 mPa.s
Given is a Newtonian fluid
Re = vm  d / μ = 14,718
That means, the given flow is turbulent.
The ratio (vm / vmax) could be found using equation (7.29):

where c is given as follows:

Since Re = 14,718, we could use c = 7 in equation (7.29)

Therefore, vm / vmax = 0.82, which leads to vmax = vm / 0.82 = 4.86 m/s
Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
Alternatively
Figure 7.8 can
be used to get
the maximum
velocity as
suggested in the
text.

vm / vmax = 0.78,

which leads to

vmax = vm / 0.78
= 5.09 m/s

Note: vmax takes slightly different values in the alternative

approaches, which is expected considering the approximate
Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019 nature of the equation used and the graph read.
(b) Egg yolk that presents a power law fluid behaviour, with K = 880
mPa.sn and n = 0.20.
Given is a power law fluid

u 2  n D n  4 n 
n
ReG = n 1  3n  1  = 37,828
K8

That means, the given flow is turbulent.

The ratio (vm / vmax) could be found using Figure 7.9.

Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
Reading at
ReG = 37,828
and n = 0.2 in
Figure 7.9,
we get

vm / vmax = 0.92,

which leads to

vmax = vm / 0.92
= 4.31 m/s

Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
Problem 7.2: A fluid food whose density is 1200 kg/m3 circulates at
25oC by a 5-cm diameter pipe with a mass flow rate of 5000 kg/h.
Determine the kinetic energy flow that the fluid transports if the
following fluids circulate:
(a) Concentrated peach juice at 69o Brix with a viscosity of 324 mPa.s
(b) Nonclarified rasberry juice (without pectin elimination) of 41 o Brix
that has a pseudoplastic behaviour, with n = 0.73 and K = 1.6 Pa.sn
(c) Apple puree that presents a Herschel-Bulkley behaviour, with n =
0.47, K = 5.63 Pa.sn and yield stress = 58.6 Pa. In regard to transport
conditions, a relationship between the yield stress and the shear
stress on the wall of 0.2 can be supposed.
(d) Mayonnaise that behaves as a Bingham’s plastic with μ’ = 0.63
Pa.sn and yield stress = 85 Pa. In this case, c = 0.219

Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
Source: Ibarz and Barbosa-Cánovas, Unit Operations in Food Engineering
Data provided:
 = density = 1200 kg/m3
d = diameter = 5 cm = 5/100 m
w = mass flow rate = 5,000 kg/h
Assignment: 1
 mass flow rate   average velocity 2
KE = kinetic energy = 2 

Calculation starts:
average velocity = mass flow rate / (cross-sectional area x density)
5000 kg/h
  5/200 m  1200 kg/m
2 2
 3
  2122.07 m/h  0.59 m/s

KE 
 5000 kg/h 0.59 m/s 2

5000  0.59 2
J/h 
5000  0.59 2
J/s
2  2  2  3600   

What is the dimensionless correction factor  ?

Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
(a) Concentrated peach juice at 69o Brix with μ = 324 mPa.s
Given is a Newtonian fluid

Re = vm  d / μ = (0.59 x 1200 x 0.05)/0.324 = 109

That means, the given flow is laminar.

Therefore,  
 2n  1 5n  3  0.5
3 3n  1 2

5000  0.59 2
KE  J/s  1737 J/s
2  3600  2
Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
(b) Nonclarified rasberry juice of 41o Brix that has a pseudoplastic
behaviour, with n = 0.73 and K = 1.6 Pa.sn

Given is a power law fluid

ReG = (equation 7.7) = 70.8

ReG,critical = (depends on n; equation 7.8) =2262

ReG < ReG,critical (laminar flow)

alpha = (equation 7.54) = (2n+1)(5n+3)/[3(3n+1)2] = 0.536

for power law fluids in laminar flow

KE = 1623.6 J/h
Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
(c) Apple puree that presents a Herschel-Bulkley behaviour, with n =
0.47, K = 5.63 Pa.sn and yield stress = 58.6 Pa. In regard to transport
conditions, a relationship between the yield stress and the shear
stress on the wall of 0.2 can be supposed.

Given is a Herschel-Bulkley fluid

ReG = (equation 7.7) = 62.3

ReG,critical (Figure 7.4) depends on the generalized Hedstrom

number (HeG) and the flow index

HeG = (equation 7.12b) = 1093.6

ReG,critical = 2200 (approximately)

Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
ReG < ReG,critical (laminar flow)

alpha = (equation 7.56 or Figure 7.12) = 0.62 to 0.64

for Herschel-Bulkley fluid in laminar flow

KE = 1351.3 J/h

Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
(d) Mayonnaise that behaves as a Bingham’s plastic with eta’ = 0.63
Pa.sn and yield stress = 85 Pa. In this case, c = 0.219

Given is a Bingham’s plastic fluid

ReB = (equation 7.6) = 56.2

alpha = (equation 7.55) = 1/(2-m) = 0.561

for Bingham’s plastic fluid in laminar flow

KE = 1549.4 J/h

Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
Problem 7.4: The rheological behaviour of apricot marmalade can be
described by the Herschel-Bulkley equation, with a yield stress of 19
Pa, a consistence index of 4.43 Pa.sn and a flow behaviour index of
0.65. Determine the smaller diameter of a steel pipe that should be
employed to transport such marmalade with a mass flow rate of 8000
kg/h. The total length of the pipe is 200 m and mechanical energy
losses are 75 J/kg. The density of marmalade is 1165 kg/m3.

Prof. R. Shanthini
03 July 2019
Source: Ibarz and Barbosa-Cánovas, Unit Operations in Food Engineering