Biology Nervous System

Chapter 33 Nervous System
Section 1: Structure of the Nervous System

Section 2: Organization of the Nervous System
Section 3: The Senses
Section 4: Effects of Drugs
Click on a lesson name to select.

33.1 Structure of the Nervous System
Neurons
 Neurons are specialized nerve cells that help
you gather information about your environment,
interpret the information, and react to it.
 Neurons consist of three main regions: the
dendrites, a cell body, and an axon.
 Dendrites pass signals they receive on to the

cell body in electrical impulses.
 The axon passes those impulses on to the
other neurons or muscles.
 There are three kinds of neurons: sensory

neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons.
 Sensory neurons
send impulses from
receptors in the skin
and sense organs to
the brain and spinal
cord.
 Interneurons carry impulses to motor organs.
 Motor neurons carry impulses away from the

brain and spinal cord to a gland or muscles,
resulting in a secretion
 The nerve impulse

or movement.
completes a reflex
arc, or a nerve
pathway that
consists of a sensory neuron, an interneuron,
and a motor neuron.
A Nerve Impulse
 Neurons at rest
do not conduct
impulses.
 Sodium ions (Na+)
collect on the outside
of the cell membrane.
 Potassium ions (K+)

collect on the inside
of the cell membrane.
 Negatively charged
proteins actively
transport sodium ions
out of the cell and
potassium ions into the cell.
An Action Potential
 A nerve impulse is also known as an action
potential.
 The minimum
stimulus to cause an
action potential to be
produced is called a
threshold.
 When a stimulus reaches

threshold, channels open
in the plasma membrane.
 Sodium ions are rapidly
pumped through these
channels causing a
temporary change in the
electrical charges.
 More positive charges are
now inside the membrane.
 The now positive charge

inside the membrane
causes other channels to
open and the potassium
is quickly pumped out of
the cell.
 The potassium restores
the positive charge
outside the cell.
 This rapid positive to

negative to positive
charge reversal moves
along the axon like a
wave.
 The movement can be
seen by finding the
sodium-potassium
reversal pattern in the
three diagrams.
Speed of an Action Potential

 Nodes along the axon allow ions to pass
through the myelin layer to the plasma
membrane.
 The ions jump from node to node and
increase the speed of the impulse.
The Synapse
 The small gap between the axon of one
neuron and the dendrite of another neuron
is called a synapse.
 An action potential is carried across these
gaps by neurotransmitters.
33.2 Organization of the Nervous System
 The nervous system

consists of two major
divisions: the central
nervous system and
the peripheral nervous
system.
The Central Nervous System

 The central nervous system (CNS) is made
up mostly of interneurons.
 Coordinates all of the body’s activities
 Relays messages, processes information,
and analyzes responses
The Brain
 The brain is
sometimes called
the control center
of the entire body.
 Divided into the
cerebrum, the
cerebellum, and
the brain stem.
 The cerebrum is divided into two halves

called the left and right hemispheres.
 The functions of the brain include thought
processes (learning), memory, language,
speech, voluntary body movements, and
sensory perception.
 The cerebellum controls balance, posture,

and coordination.
 The skeletal muscles are controlled to make
your motor skills coordinated and smooth.
 The brain stem connects the brain and

spinal cord and is composed of the medulla
oblongata and the pons.
 The medulla oblongata helps control breathing
rate, heart rate, and blood pressure.
 The pons also aids in breathing.
 The hypothalamus, located between the

brain stem and the cerebrum, is essential
for homeostasis.
 Regulates body temperature, thirst, appetite,
and water balance.
The Spinal Cord

 Nerve column that
extends from the brain
to the lower back.
 Protected by the
vertebrae
 Processes reflexes
The Peripheral Nervous System

 A nerve is a bundle of axons and may contain
sensory and motor neurons.
 The peripheral nervous system (PNS) contains
all the neurons that are not part of the central
nervous system.
The Somatic Nervous System

 Nerves in the somatic nervous system relay
information from external sensory receptors to
the central nervous system, and motor nerves
relay information from the central nervous
system to skeletal muscles.
 Voluntary movements and reflexes are a part
of the somatic nervous system.
The Autonomic Nervous System

 The autonomic nervous system carries
impulses from the central nervous system
to the heart and other internal organs.
 The body responds involuntarily, not under
conscious control.
 There are two branches of the autonomic

nervous system.
 The sympathetic nervous system is most
active in times of emergency or stress when
the heart rate and breathing rate increase.
 The parasympathetic nervous system is most
active when the body is relaxed.
33.3 The Senses
Taste and Smell

 Specialized neurons in your body enable you
to taste, smell, hear, see, and touch, and to
detect motion and temperature.
 Taste buds detect combinations of chemicals
that we identify as sweet, sour, salty, and
bitter.
33.3 The Senses
 Receptors associated
with taste and smell
are located in the
mouth and nasal
cavity.
 Signals from these
receptors work
together to create
a combined effect in the brain.
33.3 The Senses
Sight
 Light travels through the cornea and the pupil
to the lens.
 The lens focuses
the image on the
retina.
 Rods and cones in
the retina provide
light-sensitivity and information about color.
33.3 The Senses
Hearing
 Sound waves enter the auditory canal and
cause a membrane,
called the tympanum,
at the end of the ear
canal to vibrate.
 These vibrations
cause the cochlea to generate nerve impulses
that are interpreted by the brain.
33.3 The Senses
Balance
 The semicircular canals, located in the
inner ear, transmit information about body
position and balance to the brain.
33.3 The Senses
Touch
 Many types of
sensory receptors
that respond to
temperature,
pressure, and pain
are found in the
epidermis and
dermis layers of
the skin.
33.4 Effects of Drugs
How Drugs Work

 A drug is a substance, natural or artificial,
that alters the function of the body.
 Some drugs affect the nervous system in the

following ways:
 can cause an increase in the amount of a
neurotransmitter that is released into a synapse
 can block a receptor site on a dendrite,
preventing a neurotransmitter from binding
 can prevent a neurotransmitter from leaving
a synapse
 can imitate a neurotransmitter
 Many drugs that affect the nervous system

influence the level of
a neurotransmitter
called dopamine.
 Normally, dopamine
is removed from a
synapse by being
reabsorbed by the neuron that released it.
Classes of Commonly Abused Drugs

 Stimulants
 Drugs that increase alertness and
physical activity
 Nicotine
 Caffeine
Depressants
 Drugs that tend to slow down the central
nervous system
 Alcohol
 Inhalants
 Illegal drugs
Tolerance and Addiction

 Tolerance occurs when a person needs more
and more of the same drug to get the same
effect.
 The psychological and/or physiological
dependence on a drug is addiction.
Chapter Resource Menu

Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Formative Test Questions
Chapter Assessment Questions
Standardized Test Practice
biologygmh.com
Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Image Bank
Vocabulary
Animation
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Which is not one of the main parts of

a neuron?
A. axon
B. cell body
1. A
C. dendrites 2. B
3. C
D. nucleus 4. D
0% 0% 0% 0%
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Another name for a nerve impulse

is _______.
A. synapse
B. threshold
1. A
C. reflex arc 2. B
3. C
D. action potential 4. D
0% 0% 0% 0%
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
What occurs when a motor neuron

synapses with a muscle cell?
A. muscle contracts
B. muscle relaxes
1. A
C. pain 2. B
3. C
D. numbness 4. D
0% 0% 0% 0%
33.1 Formative
Questions
What type of neuron begins a reflex arc?

A. interneuron
B. motor neuron
C. sensory neuron
1. A
D. transmitter neuron 2. B
3. C
4. D
0% 0% 0% 0%
33.1 Formative
Questions
What is another name for nerve impulse?

A. synapses
B. threshold
C. action potential
1. A
D. neurotransmitter 2. B
3. C
4. D
0% 0% 0% 0%
33.1 Formative
Questions
A stronger stimulus
will cause a stronger
action potential.
A. True
B. False 1. A
2. B
0% 0%
33.1 Formative
Questions
When a neuron is at rest, what

maintains the high concentration
gradients of potassium ions inside
the cell and sodium ions outside
the cell?
A. diffusion 1. A
2. B
B. osmosis 3. C
C. active transport 4. D
D. ion channels 0% 0% 0% 0%
33.1 Formative
Questions
Which is not part of the central nervous

system?
A. brain
B. spinal cord
1. A
C. interneurons 2. B
3. C
D. sensory neurons 4. D
0% 0% 0% 0%
33.2 Formative
Questions
What does the cerebrum regulate?

A. breathing and
heart rates
B. complex motor skills
C. sleep, aggression, 1. A
and fear 2. B
3. C
D. voluntary 4. D
body movements
0% 0% 0% 0%
33.2 Formative
Questions
Some reflexes are

processed only in the
spinal cord and do not
need input from the brain.
A. True 1. A
B. False 2. B
0% 0%
33.2 Formative
Questions
What is a nerve?
A. a bundle of axons
B. a chain of neurons
C. a sensory synapse
1. A
D. a series of impulses 2. B
3. C
4. D
0% 0% 0% 0%
33.2 Formative
Questions
What part of the nervous system is usually

under voluntary control?
A. autonomic
nervous system
B. somatic
nervous system 1. A
2. B
C. sympathetic
3. C
nervous system 4. D
D. parasympathetic
nervous system 0% 0% 0% 0%
33.3 Formative
Questions
What are sensory receptors?

A. cells that create action
potentials and thresholds
B. localized areas of the
central nervous system
C. chemicals that cross a 1. A
synapse between two 2. B
nerve cells 3. C
D. specialized neurons for 4. D
detecting the world 0% 0% 0% 0%
around you
33.3 Formative
Questions
Which part of the eye contains

light-detecting receptors?
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
0% 0% 0% 0%
33.3 Formative
Questions
What is the function of the optic nerve?

A. It forms a visual image.
B. It controls the muscles
of the iris.
C. It interprets light
1. A
intensity and colors. 2. B
D. It sends action 3. C
potentials to the brain. 4. D
0% 0% 0% 0%
33.3 Formative
Questions
Where are sound vibrations converted

into nerve impulses?
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
0% 0% 0% 0%
33.3 Formative
Questions
Where are the sensory receptors that

detect your body’s position and motion?
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
0% 0% 0% 0%
33.4 Formative
Questions
Why is caffeine a drug?

A. It is a depressant.
B. It is an artificial
substance.
C. It influences the 1. A
nervous system. 2. B
3. C
D. It builds tolerance 4. D
to its effects.
0% 0% 0% 0%
33.4 Formative
Questions
Which neurotransmitter is influenced by

nicotine and amphetamines, and is involved
with most types of addiction?
A. adenosine
1. A
B. dopamine 2. B
C. epinephrine 3. C
4. D
D. serotonin
0% 0% 0% 0%
33.4 Formative
Questions
Which is not a stimulant?

A. alcohol
B. caffeine
C. nicotine
1. A
D. methamphetamine 2. B
3. C
4. D
0% 0% 0% 0%
33.4 Formative
Questions
What is the term for the body’s decreased

response to a drug?
A. addiction
B. dependence
1. A
C. tolerance 2. B
3. C
D. withdrawal 4. D
0% 0% 0% 0%
33.4 Formative
Questions
When people who are addicted try to quit, why

is it difficult to resist going back to the drug?
A. Adenosine levels increase.
B. Dopamine levels decrease.
C. The central nervous 1. A
2. B
system slows down. 3. C
D. Action potentials in 4. D
neurons become stronger. 0% 0% 0% 0%
33.4 Formative
Questions
Physiological dependence
on a drug is stronger than
psychological dependence.
A. True
B. False 1. A
2. B
0% 0%
Chapter Assessment
Questions
Name the part of the

brain that is responsible
for memory.
A. hypothalamus
B. medulla oblongata 1. A
2. B
C. cerebrum 3. C
4. D
D. cerebellum
0% 0% 0% 0%
Chapter Assessment
Questions
Contrast the functions of the cerebellum

and the cerebrum.
Answer: The cerebellum controls balance,

coordination, and motor skills.
The cerebrum controls learning,
memory, speech, voluntary body
movements, and sensory
perception.
Chapter Assessment
Questions
What part of the brain is

identified in the image?
A. pons
B. cerebrum
1. A
C. hypothalamus 2. B
D. medulla oblongata 3. C
4. D
0% 0% 0% 0%
Standardized Test
Practice
How do nerve impulses travel in a neuron?
A. dendrite 
cell body  axon
B. dendrite 
cell body  axon 1. A
C. dendrite  2. B
cell body  axon 3. C
0% 0% 0%
Standardized Test
Practice
What carries signals from the axon of one

neuron to the dendrite of another neuron?
A. interneurons
B. ion channels
1. A
C. neural nodes 2. B
3. C
D. neurotransmitters 4. D
0% 0% 0% 0%
Standardized Test
Practice
Which word best describes the

hypothalamus?
A. processor
B. reflexor
1. A
C. regulator 2. B
3. C
D. transmitter 4. D
0% 0% 0% 0%
Standardized Test
Practice
What part of the brain is highly developed

in animals that have finely tuned balance
and complex coordination?
A. cerebellum
1. A
B. medulla 2. B
C. thalamus 3. C
4. D
D. temporal lobe
0% 0% 0% 0%
Standardized Test
Practice
How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic

nervous systems act together?
A. They send and
receive neurotransmitters.
B. They send opposing
signals to the same organs. 1. A
C. They balance voluntary 2. B
and involuntary responses. 3. C
D. They receive the same 4. D
impulses from different
0% 0% 0% 0%
receptors.
Standardized Test
Practice
Why is this receptor

located closest to the
surface of the skin?
A. It detects cold.
B. It detects heat. 1. A
2. B
C. It detects 3. C
4. D
heavy pressure.
D. It detects light touch. 0% 0% 0% 0%
Standardized Test
Practice
What substances in the body are most

closely associated with a drug’s influence
on the nervous system?
A. endorphins
1. A
B. Na+ and K+ ions 2. B
C. neurotransmitters 3. C
4. D
D. proteins
0% 0% 0% 0%
Standardized Test
Practice
Where in the nerve pathway do drugs

have their primary effect?
A. axons
B. dendrites
1. A
C. synapses 2. B
3. C
D. myelin sheaths 4. D
0% 0% 0% 0%
Standardized Test
Practice
Which step is blocked by cocaine?
1. A
2. B
3. C
0% 0% 0%
Glencoe Biology Transparencies

Image Bank
Vocabulary
Section 1
neuron node
dendrite synapse
cell body neurotransmitter
axon
reflex arc
action potential
threshold
Vocabulary
Section 2
central nervous somatic nervous
system system
peripheral nervous autonomic nervous
system system
cerebrum sympathetic
medulla oblongata nervous system
pons parasympathetic
hypothalamus nervous system
Vocabulary
Section 3
taste bud
lens
retina
rods
cochlea
semicircular canal
Vocabulary
Section 4
drug
dopamine
stimulant
depressant
tolerance
addiction
Animation
 Rapid Reflex Arc

 Action Potential
 Visualizing Action Potential
 Impulse Movement

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Chapter 33 Nervous System

Section 1: Structure of the Nervous System

Click on a lesson name to select.

33.1 Structure of the Nervous System

33.1 Structure of the Nervous System

 Dendrites pass signals they receive on to the

33.1 Structure of the Nervous System

 There are three kinds of neurons: sensory

33.1 Structure of the Nervous System

 Motor neurons carry impulses away from the

 The nerve impulse

33.1 Structure of the Nervous System

33.1 Structure of the Nervous System

 Potassium ions (K+)

33.1 Structure of the Nervous System

33.1 Structure of the Nervous System

 When a stimulus reaches

33.1 Structure of the Nervous System

 The now positive charge

33.1 Structure of the Nervous System

 This rapid positive to

33.1 Structure of the Nervous System

Speed of an Action Potential

33.1 Structure of the Nervous System

33.2 Organization of the Nervous System

 The nervous system

33.2 Organization of the Nervous System

The Central Nervous System

33.2 Organization of the Nervous System

33.2 Organization of the Nervous System

 The cerebrum is divided into two halves

33.2 Organization of the Nervous System

 The cerebellum controls balance, posture,

33.2 Organization of the Nervous System

 The brain stem connects the brain and

33.2 Organization of the Nervous System

 The hypothalamus, located between the

33.2 Organization of the Nervous System

The Spinal Cord

33.2 Organization of the Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System

33.2 Organization of the Nervous System

The Somatic Nervous System

33.2 Organization of the Nervous System

The Autonomic Nervous System

33.2 Organization of the Nervous System

 There are two branches of the autonomic

33.3 The Senses

Taste and Smell

33.3 The Senses

33.3 The Senses

33.3 The Senses

33.3 The Senses

33.3 The Senses

33.4 Effects of Drugs

How Drugs Work

33.4 Effects of Drugs

 Some drugs affect the nervous system in the

33.4 Effects of Drugs

 Many drugs that affect the nervous system

33.4 Effects of Drugs

Classes of Commonly Abused Drugs

33.4 Effects of Drugs