Divais Sistem Telekomunikasi

(Disain RF)

GUNAWAN WIBISONO
 Chapter 1 Introduction to RF and Wireless
Technology

 1.1 A Wireless World

 1.2 RF Design is Challenging
 1.3 The Big Picture

Behzad Razavi, RF Microelectronics. Prepared by Bo Wen, UCLA

 Chapter Outline

A Wireless World
RF Design Challenges
Big Picture of
 Wireless Communication RF System
in Life  Multitude of
 Trend in RF Development Disciplines  TX and RX
 RF Trade-offs
 Demand for cost and
performance

Chapter1 Introduction to RF and Wireless Technology 3

 A Wireless World

 High-speed wireless links (WiFi, Bluetooth) allow seamless connections

among device and appliance.

Chapter1 Introduction to RF and Wireless Technology 4

 Explosive Growth of Wireless Communication

 The affordability of low cost and multiple functions finds its roots in
Integration
 Performance of RF circuits has also improved.

Chapter1 Introduction to RF and Wireless Technology 5

 RF Design is Challenging: Multi-discipline

 RF design draws upon a multitude of disciplines.

Chapter1 Introduction to RF and Wireless Technology 6

 RF Design is Challenging: Trade-offs

 RF circuits and transceivers must deal with numerous trade-offs.

 Demand for higher performance, lower cost and greater functionality

Chapter1 Introduction to RF and Wireless Technology 7

 The Big Picture: RF Communication

TX: Drive antenna with RX: Sense small signal

high power level (amplify with low noise)

Chapter1 Introduction to RF and Wireless Technology 8

 The Big Picture: Generic RF Transceiver

 Signals are upconverted/downconverted at TX/RX, by an oscillator controlled

by a Frequency Synthesizer

Chapter1 Introduction to RF and Wireless Technology 9

 AGENDA
• PENDAHULUAN
• TRANSMITTER
– MIXER
– FILTER
– POWER AMPLIFIER
• RECEIVER
– LNA
– MIXER
– FILTER
– AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL
PENDAHULUAN
Proliferation of Wireless Communications

Frequency Band (Hz) Higher data rate

17.0 G 3rd Generation WLAN

5.2 G IEEE 802.11a

2.4 G IEEE 802.11b, Bluetooth

1.8 G 2G (GSM-1800) 3G (W-CDMA)

0.9 G 1G (GSM-900)

Year
1980 1990 2000 2010

 Tremendous market
 Cellular phones: 400 million sold in 2002, 15% growth rate
 Wireless LAN cards: 20 million sold in 2002, 40% growth rate

Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 12

Wireless Technology Trend (1)

 Moving towards higher frequency band for wider channels

 Evolving from voice-only to multi-media data for new applications
 More sophisticated modulation and multi-access schemes
 Higher level of integration – smaller form factor and lower power

Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 13

Wireless Technology Trend (2)

Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 14

Recent Evolution of Wireless Systems

 3X reduction in PCB size

 4X reduction in radio size
 4X reduction in component counts
 Multi-band operations

 1997  2002
 Single-mode / Single-band  Dual-mode / Tri-band
 PCB size: ~ 90 cm2  PCB size: ~ 35 cm2
 Radio: 60 cm2 and 280 components  Radio: 15 cm2 and 60 components

Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 15

Advantages of Integration
 Cost: assembly and packaging  Size
 Power: fewer and lower parasitics to drive  Reliability
 Design Flexibility: signals stay on chip  Tolerance

Block diagram of a reference cellular phone design by Texas Instruments

for GSM-900, DCS-1800 and PCS 1900
Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 16
The First Single-Chip 5-GHz Transceiver for 802.11a
 0.25-mm CMOS with 1P5M (Al)
 Die size: 22 mm2
 Integrated low-noise amplifier, power
amplifier, frequency synthesizer
 40 spiral inductors with patterned
ground shields

(D. Su et al., ISSCC 2002

Atheros Communications)
Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 17
 Evolution of WiFi RF SoC
 Usingscaled CMOS only justified
when integrating with large DSP
RF
Front-end

 2002
 802.11a RF transceiver
(D. Su, et al. ISSCC’02)
 0.25-mm CMOS
 20 mm2 in 64-pin QFN
 40 inductors
 2004
 802.11a/b/g RF transceiver
(M. Zargari, et al. ISSCC’04)
 0.25-mm CMOS
 23 mm2 in 64-pin QFN
 > 80 inductors
Baseband
DSP
 2005
 802.11g SoC
(S. Mehta, et al. ISSCC’05)
 0.13-mm CMOS w/ Deep N-Well
 41 mm2 in 224-ball PBGA
 25% for RF + analog

Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 18

From System Specifications to RF Design Parameters

Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 19

Basic Concepts Pertaining to RF Signals
 Friis transmission formula for propagation path loss
 Shannon’s Theorem on maximum channel capacity
 Bit error rate (BER)
 Power units and power spectral density (PSD)
 Thermal noise

Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 20

Friis Transmission Formula on Path Loss (1)

 The range of a wireless link depends on

 How much power the transmitter can output (or are allowed by FCC to)
 Receiver sensitivity

 Friis transmission formula for path loss in free space, line of sight (LOS)

PR = the received power

PT = the transmitted power
l = the wavelength
GAT = the transmitter antenna gain
GAR = the receiver antenna gain
d = the free space distance between transmitter and receiver
Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 21
Friis Transmission Formula on Path Loss (2)
 Substitute wavelength by frequency and speed of light

 The received power PR is directly proportional the transmitted power PT

 PR is proportional to the product of transmit and receive antenna gains
 PR is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
 PR is proportional l2 as long as the antenna sizes are increased along with l to maintain
the same antenna gains

 Express Friis formula in dB with f in Hz and d in meter:

Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 22

Friis Transmission Formula on Path Loss (3)
 Example 1: At 1GHz, determine the path loss at 1 km. Assume both antenna
gains are 0 dB.

 If the transmit power is 1 W and the receiver antenna impedance is 50 W, what is

the input voltage to the receiver

Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 23

Friis Transmission Formula on Path Loss (4)
 For non-line-of-sight (NSOL), the dependence on distance is dn rather than d2
 For outdoor cellular, n must be experimentally determined, and typically ranges between
3.5 to 5
 For indoor environment, n is between 2 to 4.

Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 24

Shannon’s Theorem on Maximum Channel Capacity
 Shannon's theorem, which concerns information entropy, was proved in 1948
by Claude Shannon
 States the theoretical maximum rate at which error-free bits can be transmitted
over a noisy channel
 That any such nonzero rate could exist was considered quite surprising at the
time since no scheme was known that could achieve such reliable
communication; information theory, as we know it today, was born. The most
famous example of this is for the bandwidth-limited and power constrained
channel in the presence of Gaussian noise, usually expressed in the form

C = the channel capacity in bits per second (bps)

B = the bandwidth in hertz
S/N = the ratio of signal power to noise power.

 Channel capacity depends on channel bandwidth and system SNR

Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 25

Shannon’s Theorem on Maximum Channel Capacity
 It should be emphasized that the signal-to-noise ratio used in the equation is
not measured in decibels, so the distinction between the power ratio and the
amplitude ratio is critical

 For SNR of 0, 10, 20, 30 dB, one can achieve

C/B of 1, 3.46, 6.66, 9.97 bps/Hz, respectively.

 Example: Consider the operation of a modem on an ordinary telephone line.

The SNR is usually about 1000. The bandwidth is limited to at most 3.4 kHz.
Therefore:

C = 3400 X log2(1 + 1000) = (3400)(9.97) ~= 34 kbps

The V.34 modem standard advertises a rate of 33.6 kpbs, and V.90 claims a
rate of 56 kbps, apparently in excess of the Shannon capacity. In fact, neither
standard actually reaches the Shannon limit. Both use compression, but
compute bit rates based on uncompressed data size.

Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 26

Bit Error Rate
 BER = Errors / Total number of bits
 Noise is the main enemy of BER performance
 Circuit noise is described with a Gaussian probability density function
 Signal path loss is usually described with a Rayleigh probability density function
(See Tom Lee’s book on p. 80)
 Probability of Error (POE)

erf = the error function

Eb = the energy per bit
N0 = noise power spectral density (in 1-Hz of bandwidth)

 The erf is different depending on the modulation scheme

 POE is proportional to E / N which is a form of SNR
b 0
 The energy per bit, E , can be determined by dividing the carrier power by the bit
b
rate. As an energy measure, Eb has the unit of joules. N0 is in power (joules per
second) per Hz (seconds), so Eb / N0 is a dimensionless term.
Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 27
Power and Power Spectrum Density
 Why do RF designers use power rather than voltage to specify signal strength?
 When describing signal strength using power, the impedance level is included which
critical at high frequencies because (1) impedance level in RF circuits is low
(between 50 to 100 W) and (2) hard to achieve gain at high frequencies due to
parasitic capacitance

 Unit – dBW vs. dBm

 Power in dBW: 10 log10 (power in Watts)
 Power in dBm: 10 log10 (power in milli-Watts)
 1 W = 0 dBW = 30 dBm

 Power spectrum density (PSD)

 Measured in W/Hz (Wsec = Joule) or dBm/Hz
 Allows is to deal with random process such as thermal noise which has infinite
power

Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 28

Thermal Noise
 Thermal Noise Floor
 it is a white noise since it contains the same level of power at all frequencies
 kTB
where k is the Boltzmann’s constant = 1.381e-23 W / K / Hz,
T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin, and B is the bandwidth.

 At room temperature, T = 290 K,

the thermal noise PSD, kT, = 4.005e-21 W/Hz (J) or –174 dBm/Hz

Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 29

Thermal Noise at the Receiver Input
 Where does 4 kT R B comes from?

 A resistor in a short circuit dissipates a noise power of P = vn2 / R = 4 kT B

 The noise generated at the resistor can transfer to the remaining circuit; the
maximum noise power transfer happens with impedance matching when the
Thévenin equivalent resistance of the remaining circuit is equal to the noise
generating resistance. In this case each one of the two participating resistors
dissipates noise in both itself and in the other resistor. Since only half of the source
voltage drops across any one of these resistors, the resulting noise power is given
by

 Pnoise = kT B (under max power transfer condition)

where P is the thermal noise power in watts. Notice that this is independent of the noise
generating resistance.

 What is the thermal noise power associated with a 50-ohm antenna?

Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 30

Power Spectrum of Global System for Mobile (GSM)

Close-in
In-band
interferers

Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 31

Sensitivity vs. Selectivity
Desired Channel
to select MIXER IF Filter
Input Output

if
if
rf Received channels after
Received channels after frequency translation
Received Channels at RF frequency translation
LO

 Sensitivity
 The minimum (available) signal power needed at the receiver input to provide
adequate SNR at the receiver output to data demodulation
 Noise
 Insertion Loss
 Inter-modulation products
 Selectivity
 Blockers (in-band and out-of-band)
 Phase Noise
 Image-Rejection (will be discussed with radio architecture)

Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 32

 Receiver Noise Figure

Pass Loss

Tx Output Pass Loss

Rx Noise Figure

Noise Floor

Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 33

Required Receiver Sensitivity – A Qualitative View
What is the required receiver NF to achieve
a certain level of sensitivity?

Transmit Power  To find Receiver NF

 Transmit Power – FCC regulated
 Path loss
Path Loss  Receiver sensitivity – govern by
standards and applications
 Required SNR – depends on BER
Receiver Sensitivity
Noise Figure requirement and modulation scheme
 Noise floor – thermal noise or circuit
noise limited depending on the
Required SNR modulation schemes
Noise Floor

Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 34

Receiver NF Requirement Calculations
 IEEE 802.11a WLAN  GSM (DCS-1800 ) cellular
 FCC limits the PSD in 5GHz
to 2.5 mW/MHz  FCC limits the PSD in 1.8 GHz
 Channel bandwidth is 16 MHz to 5 mW/kHz
 Transmit Power is 40 mW or 16 dBm  Channel bandwidth is 200 kHz
 Thermal noise floor  Thermal noise floor
–174 dBm/Hz X 16 MHz = –102 dBm
 Total SNR budget is
–174 dBm/Hz X 200 kHz = –121 dBm
16 dBm – (–102 dBm) = 118 dBm  Required SNR for GSM is 9 dB
 To cover ~300 ft. at 5 GHz results in a path  to keep BER < 10–3
loss of 86 dB  GSM receiver sensitivity specification is –
 i.e. Receiver sensitivity is –70 dBm
(802.11a specification is –65 dBm ) 102 dBm
 Required SNR for 64QAM (54Mbps) is 27 dB  Receiver noise figure requirement
 802.11a packet length is 8 kb = Receive sensitivity – Noise floor –
 Worst packet loss < 10%,
(1 – BER)8000 = 1 – 10%
Required SNR
BER = 10–5 = –102 – (–121) – 9 = 10 dB
 Receiver noise figure requirement
= Tx Power– Path Loss – Required SNR –
Noise floor
= 16 + 102 – 86 – 27 = 5 dB

Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 35

Fundamental Concepts in RF Systems
 Receiver sensitivity
 Noise Figure
 Signal to noise ratio (SNR)
 Thermal noise floor

 Receiver selectivity
 Nonlinearity
 gain compression
 inter-modulation
 desensitization
 cross modulation
 Phase noise and blockers
 Receiver spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR)
 Lower limit set by sensitivity
 Upper limit set by selectivity

Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 36

Key Receiver Metrics
 At any input signal level, the receiver must achieve a minimum
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
 Detection schemes need a minimum signal-to-noise ratio for adequate performance
 Some analog detectors (AM detectors) improve gradually with increasing SNR
 Digital detectors improve rapidly past a threshold SNR
 Dynamic range
 The range of input power (signal and interferer) over which the receiver performs
adequately
 Measured by performance of the base-band transducer (speaker/video display etc)
 For system analysis, Bit Error Rates or final SNR are used
 Smallest signal level is the receiver sensitivity
 Largest signal determines the upper limit of dynamic range (What does ‘largest
signal’ mean? We will come back to this point later…)

Prof. C. Patrick Yue Slide 37

Introduction to RF and
Microwave Systems
RF and Microwave Frequency Bands

 RF (“radio frequency”) is used to indicate the

frequency band from hundreds of MHz to about
3 GHz
 Microwave frequencies start from 300 MHz
and goes up to 30 GHz, ( wavelength of 1m to
0.01m)
 The frequency bands above 30 GHz is called
Millimeter waves, and extend up to 300 GHz.
Its technology is very similar to microwaves.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic Spectrum (comparable)
What is different about the
RF/Microwave band?

 Circuit theory / transmission lines / electromagnetics all needed,

because:
– The size of the circuit (let’s call it d) for RF and microwave circuits
– Question: what relationship between d and exists for (a) low
frequency circuits (kHz range), and (b) optical circuits (where the
wavelength is on the order of µm), keeping in mind that the circuits
themselves are all on the order of cm?
Advantages of the use of higher
frequencies

 Larger instantaneous BW for much information,

 Higher resolution for radar, imaging and sensing,
bigger doppler shift,
 Reduced dimensions for components,
 Less interference from nearby applications
 Higher speed for digital systems, signal
processing, data transmission
 Less crowded spectrum
 Difficulty in jamming (military)
Disadvantages of the use of higher
frequencies

 More expensive components,

 Higher atmospheric losses,
 Reliance on GaAs instead of Si technology
 Higher components losses, lower output
powers from active devices,
 Less accurate design tools, less mature
technologies.
RF and Microwave Applications

 Wireless Communications (space, cellular

phones, cordless phones, WLANs, Bluetooth,
satellites etc.)
 Radar and Navigation (Airborne,vehicle, weather
radars, GPS, MLS, imaging radar etc.)
 Remote sensing (Meteorology, mining, land
surface, aviation and marine traffic etc.)
 RF Identification (Security, product tracking,
animal tracking, toll collection etc.)
 Broadcasting (AM,FM radio, TV etc.)
RF and Microwave Applications

 Automobiles and Highways (Collision avoidance, GPS,

adaptive cruise control, traffic control etc.)
 Sensors (Temperature, moisture sensors, robotics,
buried object detection etc.)
 Surveillance and EW (Spy satellites, jamming, police
radars, signal/radiation monitoring etc.)
 Medical (MRI, Microwave Imaging, patient monitoring
etc.)
 Radio Astronomy and Space Exploration (radio
telescopes, deep space probes, space monitoring etc.)
 Wireless Power Transmission (Space to space, space to
ground etc. power transmission)
Radiated Power and Safety

 Organic tissue absorbs RF and microwave energy and

converts it to heat (e.g. Microwave oven)
 This is not a good thing when the tissue is you!
 Heating is dangerous to areas such as brain, eyes, and
stomach organs
 Radiation may cause cataracts, cancer, and sterility
 ANSI/IEEE standard sets safety standard for exposure
limits (e.g. limited to 10 mW/cm2 above 15 GHz where
radiation is absorbed by the skin)
 Handheld cell phones limited to maximum radiated
power of 0.76 W, while base stations are limited to 500
W.
 The main purpose of the course is to
provide the following questions:
 At what upper frequency does conventional
circuit analysis become inappropriate?
 What characteristics make the high-frequency
behavior of electric components so different from
low-frequency behavior?
 What “new” circuit theory has to be employed?
 How is this theory applied to practical design of
high-frequency analog circuits?
Sample Tranceiver
Power Amplifier: Circuit
Power Amplifier: PCB layout
RF Behavior of Passive Components
Lumped(discrete) or distributed elements:
Inductor
 Microwave Active Circuit Design
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Passive components and transmission line
3. Microwave transistor and diode
4. Low-noise amplifier and broadband amplifier
5. Oscillator and phase noise
6. RF mixer circuit
7. RF switch circuit
8. Power amplifier
9. IC packaging technology and its concern
10. Microwave related circuits and systems

61
 Microwave Active Circuit Design
Prerequisites & Grading Policy
• Prerequisites:
Electromagnetics I & II.
• Grading Policy:
– Homework: 20%
(2 reports for paper review, 4 pages for each,
choosing two topics as introduced in this course )
– Midterm: 40%
– Final Project: 40%
(Circuit design and presentation, choosing one of
the papers you studied)

62
Radio-Frequency Bands (1)

63
Radio-Frequency Bands (2)

64
Radio-Frequency Bands (3)

Absorption by the atmosphere in clear weather

65
 Microwave Communication System (1)

RF transceiver including passive components

(SAW filter, LC matching network) and
active circuits (switch, PA, LNA, mixer, VGA,
VCO, synthesizer…) 66
Microwave Communication System (2)

Analog RF system Digital RF system

67
Microwave Communication System (3)

68
 Microwave Communication System (4)

Channel access method used by various radio communication technologies.

The methods allow multiple users simultaneous access to a transmission system.
• TDMA (Time division multiple access)
• FDMA (Frequency division multiple access)
• CDMA (Code division multiple access)
69
Microwave Communication System (5)

70
Microwave Communication System (6)

71
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

A wireless local area network (WLAN) links

two or more devices using some wireless
distribution method (typically spread-spectrum or
OFDM radio), and usually providing a
connection through an access point to the wider
internet. This gives users the mobility to move
around within a local coverage area and still be
connected to the network. Most modern WLANs
are based on IEEE 802.11 standards, marketed
under the Wi-Fi brand name.

標準名稱 傳輸頻寬（理論 / 實際） 傳輸距離 使用頻段 普及度

802.11a 54Mbps （ 22Mbps ） 約 30 公尺 5 GHz 少

802.11b 11Mbps （ 5Mbps ） 約 40-50 公尺 2.4 GHz 最多

802.11g 54Mbps （ 22Mbps ） 約 40-50 公尺 2.4 GHz 多

72
Digital Cellular and Cordless Phone Standards
Standard Multiple Receive Transmit Channel Mod. Region
Access Frequency Frequency Spacing Scheme
(MHz) (MHz) (kHz)
DAMPS TDMA/FDMA 869-894 824-849 30 /4 DQPSK USA
(IS-54)
GSM TDMA/FDMA 935-960 890-915 200 GMSK Europe

CDMA CDMA/FDMA 869-894 824-849 1250 BPSK/QPSK USA

(IS-95)
JDC TDMA/FDMA 940-956 810-826 25 /4 QPSK Japan
1447-1489 1429-1441
1501-1513 1453-1465
W-CDMA CDMA Emerging 40,000 M-PSK USA

ISM TDMA/CDMA/ 902-928 902-928 10,000 BPSK USA

FDMA
DCS-1800 TDMA/FDMA 1895-1907 1710-1785 200 GFSK UK

CT2 FDMA 864-868 864-868 100 GFSK Europe

Asia
DECT TDMA/FDMA 1800-1900 1800-1900 1728 GFSK Europe

PHS TDMA/FDMA 1895-1907 1895-1907 300 /4 DQPSK Japan

73
 Specifications for 2G Communication
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)

DCS (Distributed Control System)

74
 Specifications for 3G/4G Communication

3G/3.5G/3.75G Distance Data rate Band TX peak power

(km) (Mbps) (GHz) (dBm)
CDMA2000 3~12 0.3~2 0.82~0.85 33/27/24/21
WCDMA 1.92~1.98
TD-SCDMA 2.11~2.17

HSDPA 3~12 3.6/7.2/14.4 0.85/1.9/2.1 24

HSUPA 3~12 3.6/7.2/14.4 0.85/1.9/2.1 24

75
 Specifications for 3G/4G Communication

4G Distance Data rate Band TX peak power

(km) (Mbps) (GHz) (dBm)
WiMAX 802.16e up to 50 10/30/70 2.3~2.7 33/27/24/21
3.4~3.7
5.8

LTE 3 50/100 0.7~0.86 (FDD) 33/27/24/21

1.5~2.1 (FDD)
2.3~2.6 (TDD) 76
RF ICs and Modules (1)

77
 RF ICs and Modules (1)
LDMOS PA for VHF band GaAs X-band PA SiGe PA for WiMAX

GaN 40 W Class-E PA SiC 10 W Class-AB PA

78
System on Chip (SoC)

79
Microwave/millimeter-wave Applications (1)

Microwave Oven Specification

AC Power: 120 Volts AC 60 Hz (13.3A)

1500 Watts, Single phase, 3 wire grounded
Output Power: 1200 Watts full microwave
power (IEC60705)
Frequency: 2450 MHz
Magnetron: 2M246-050GF
Timer: 0 ~ 99 min. 99 sec.

80
Microwave/millimeter-wave Applications (2)

77 GHz
Automotive Radar

81
Microwave/millimeter-wave Applications (3)

94 GHz MMW image obtained from a scanning radiometer 82

 Microwave/millimeter-wave Applications (4)

Australian Radio Tele-scope using THz differential absorption radar

an InP amplifier (100 GHz)
83
 S-parameter (1)
Generalized scattering parameters have been defined by K. Kurokawa.
These parameters describe the interrelationships of a new set of variables (ai , bi).
The variables ai and bi are normalized complex voltage waves incident on and reflected
from the ith port of the network.
They are defined in terms of the terminal voltage V i , the terminal current Ii , and an
arbitrary reference impedance Zi ,where the asterisk denotes the complex conjugate:

84
 S-parameter (2)
Limitations of lumped models At low frequencies most circuits behave in a predictable
manner and can be described by a group of replaceable, lumped-equivalent black
boxes. At microwave frequencies, as circuit element size approaches the wavelengths of
the operating frequencies, such a simplified type of model becomes inaccurate. The
physical arrangements of the circuit components can no longer be treated as black boxes.
We have to use a distributed circuit element model and s-parameters.

85
S-parameter (3)

86
S-parameter (4)

87
S-parameter (5)

88
 Network Analyzer (1)

S11,S12 S22,S21

S11,S21 S22,S12

Vector network analyzer (VNA): The vector network analyzer, VNA is a more useful
form of RF network analyzer than the SNA as it is able to measure more parameters about
the device under test. Not only does it measure the amplitude response, but it also looks at
the phase as well. As a result vector network analyzer, VNA may also be called a gain-phase
meter or an Automatic Network Analyzer.
DUT must be measured under a small input power (small-signal operation)
89
 Network Analyzer (2)
Formats of S parameters
Log scale plot

Polar

Smith chart

90
 Network Analyzer (3)
Large Signal Network Analyzer (LSNA): The large signal network analyzer, LSNA is a
highly specialized for of RF network analyzer that is able to investigate the characteristics
of devices under large signal conditions. It is able to look at the harmonics and non-
linearties of a network under these conditions, providing a full analysis of its operation. A
previous version of the Large Signal Network Analyzer, LSNA was known as the
Microwave Transition Analyzer, MTA

 [S]p,f,n
p: input power
f: operation frequency
n: harmonic order

91
 Network Analyzer (4)
X-parameters are a unified way of describing nonlinear device-under-test (DUT) behavior:
• Harmonics
• Large signal input & output match
• Large signal isolation and transmission

92
 Network Analyzer (5)

Sum of the harmonics can transform the frequency-domain

signals into time-domain signals.
93