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Introduction To Piping Engineering
Introduction To Piping Engineering
net
PUMPS
&
PUMP PIPING
Piping Guide - www.pipingguide.net
Contents
Pump
- Introduction to Pumps
- Classification of Pump
- Industry Codes & Standards
- Selection Criteria for Pumps
- NPSH & Cavitation
- Definitions
Pump Piping
Definition :
Classification Of Pump :
1) Dynamic
2) Displacement
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Dynamic Pumps : Displacement Pump :
Classification
Classification
Type by structure by operation method Specifics
This type of pump sucks in fluid through
reciprocating movement of piston or
Reciprocating - Piston pump plunger, and discharges fluid by pressing
- Plunger pump
pump - Diaphragm pump with required amount of pressure. It is
used when high pressure is required even
though the amount of discharge is small.
Positive
displacement
pump
This type of pump sucks in fluid through
- Gear pump
Rotary the rotation movement of rotor, and has
pump - Screw pump
- Vane pump the advantage of little pulsation due to
the special characteristics in operation.
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Kinetic pump
• These are commonly used to move viscous liquids, inject chemicals or additives
into a system.
Rotary pumps are used to move heavy or very viscous fluids such as grease,
asphalt, heavy fuel oil and sometimes heavy crude oils.
1. 610, “Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum, Heavy Duty Chemical, and Gas Industry Services”.
2. Casing, Radially Split – Pump case split transverse to pump shaft axis.
3. Diffuser –
Pump design in which the impeller is surrounded by diffuser vanes where the gradually enlarging passages
change liquid velocity head into pressure head.
4. Double Acting – Liquid is discharged during both forward and return strokes of the piston.
6. Head, Acceleration – Pressure change due to changes in velocity in the piping system.
8. Impeller – Bladed member of rotating assembly of a centrifugal pump which imparts force to liquid.
12. Recirculation –
Controlling the quantity of flow through a pump by bypassing discharge liquid back to suction.
15. Single Acting – Liquid is discharged only during forward stroke of the piston.
16. Throttling – Controlling flow rate by reducing cross-sectional flow area, usually by partially closing a valve
in the
discharge piping.
17. Total Differential Head (TDH) – Pressure required in meters (feet) of head that the pump must produce. The
head at the discharge pump flange minus the head at suction flange.
• The net positive suction head (NPSH) is the absolute pressure in excess of the liquid
vapor
pressure that is available at the pump suction nozzle to move the liquid into the eye
of the impeller.
• The difference between NPSHa and NPSHr is less than 0.3 ∼ 1.0m at the time of
checking vendor data sheet [ that is, NPSHa NPSHr 〈 (0.3 ∼ 1m)],
decision on NPSH test shall be made according to Engineering Specification SES-
GA-201E and API 610.
• Pumps where difference between NPSHA and NPSHR is less than 0.6 meter are
not acceptable.
• The diameter of the pump suction port is usually bigger than the discharge or exit
diameter in order to minimize the kinetic energy head entering the pump, because
this kinetic energy decreases the maximum suction lift and enhances cavitation.
Piping Guide - www.pipingguide.net
《 NPSH Required 》
NPSHr 〓 σ× H
Where, H : Pump differential head
σ : Cavitation coefficient of Thoma
《 NPSH Available 》
10
NPSHa 〓 (P1 P2) × ─── △P + H
Sp.Gr
Where, P1 : Pressure at suction liquid level ( ㎏ / ㎠ )
P2 : Vapor pressure at suction temperature ( ㎏ / ㎠ )
△P : Pressure drop in suction line ( ㎏ / ㎠ )
H : Height between the normal liquid level and pump centerline (m)
Piping Guide - www.pipingguide.net
CAVITATION
• With moderate cavitation in a centrifugal pump, the pump will sound as though it is
pumping gravel or a slurry of sand and gravel.
• Severe cavitation will cause the discharge pressure to fall and become highly erratic
and
produce both flow and pressure pulsation.
Piping Guide - www.pipingguide.net
Increase NPSHa by
- Increase pressure at suction of pump
- Decrease liquid temperature
- Reduce head losses
- Reduce NPSHr (Depends on Impeller inlet, Impeller design,
Pump flow rate, impeller speed, type of liquid)
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PUMP PIPING
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Suction Piping for Horizontal Pumps :-
Line Size :
Suction piping is one or two line sizes larger than the pump suction nozzle size.
• Pump suction lines should be as short as possible, but with enough flexibility.
• If possible , do not overlap the pump and pipe support foundations, as it causes
structural design problems in combining foundations.
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Suction Line Fittings :
• Strainers will be located between pump suction block valve and pump.
Type of strainer
1) Temporary strainer
• Suction line should have positive shut off valve, use gate valve at the Up
stream
of strainer.
• Pump valves are operating valves, thus keep them as low as possible
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Consideration of Cavitation
Cavitation occurs when NPSHr is larger than NPSHa. Cavitation reduces the
performance of pump, causes vibration or noise and corrodes the materials.
Therefore, minimize pressure loss on pump piping and, care shall be taken to
avoid drifting on the nozzle.
2) Allow 1/20 and over of slope on suction line toward pump at vacuum tower.
1/20 and over
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3 ) If gate valve is to be installed on the line whose suction resource is located lower than the pump
suction nozzle, valve stem shall be horizontal.
Suction piping on tower or vessel :
Vortex breaker is installed on tower or vessel nozzle connected to pump
nozzle.
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Typical Arrangement Drawing
1. PUMP SUCTION LINE
Horizontal Vertical
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Following diagrams indicate correct and incorrect methods of attaching suction piping.
• Line Size :
Discharge nozzle size is normally smaller than the suction nozzle size.
• A pressure gauge is located in the discharge line, and should be upstream of the check
and gate valves
• Check Valve is used in a pump discharge line to prevent backflow in to the pump
causing the impeller to turn backwards and possible ruining the bearings.
• Block valve Isolate the pump from piping to provide maximum access for both
in place for maintenance or removal.
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Pump Discharge Line
Use Swing / Ball Type Check valve Use Hinged flapper Check valve
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3) 4)
5)
These are used for large duty differential pressure and large bore lines, the pres
sure difference between the pump suction and discharge , and are usually multi
-stage pumps, the liquid going through several stages of increasing the pressure
before reaching the side discharge nozzle. No of ells should be optimize allowa
ble nozzle loading.
The two-diameter pup can be eliminated if the elbow from the suction nozzle i
s horizontal.
• This type of pump is mounted directly into the pipe line. For smaller sizes, the
piping
system supports the pump and motor.
• This type of pump is installed in cooling tower water circulating service, retention
ponds and suction is taken from a sump below grade.
• In most cases, there is no suction piping to be considered, but the discharge line
must be
routed to ensure good access for pump maintenance
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Multi - Service Pumps :-
• Pumps can be used for more than one service, such as pulling suction from one
source and discharging to three different locations or multi-service suction,
which
using a pump for more than one service.
Multi – Service
Pumps
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Reciprocating Pump Piping :
• These lines should run close to the ground so that hold-downs can be used.
• To minimize the damaging effects of water hammer and other impulse type
loading
on pump nozzles, Use swing type check valves in discharge lines in the
vertical position above rigidly supported elbows so that hammer loads may
be distributed to grade or steel.
• These pumps measured accurate flow rates that can be adjusted in operation to
The
me provide a wide range of varying flow rates.
• Since metering pumps permit little or no backflow, they are especially useful for
injecting liquids into containers or flow lines against high pressures.
Pulsation Damper :
The damper contains a diaphragm or bellows isolating the metered liquid from an air
or gas padded chamber. its use eliminates hydraulic hammer, established more favorable
NPSH conditions on the inlet side of the pump, and allows use of smaller pipe size by
reducing peak liquid velocity and acceleration.
Piping Guide - www.pipingguide.net
Pumps in the Tankage Area :
For location of pumps in the tank farm area:
In the routing of the suction lines, the preferred method would be to drop from the
tank to the pumps. Avoid a direct run from the tank into the suction nozzle. This can
cause problems in overstress of the pump connection.
Support of Piping In the tankage area, the supporting of piping is normally by:
• Pipe sleepers
• Field supports
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Auxiliary Pump Piping Arrangement :
Many pumps have auxiliary piping that is supplied by the vendor or the engin
eering contractor .
When pump fluid is used a line is attached to the vent connection on the pum
p case.
The circulated fluid must be sent back to the pump stream and return to the s
eal to pump internal clearances.
In viscous or high temperature hydrocarbon liquids the seal fluid medium circ
ulates from an external source through connections on the pump seal . This
medium may be clean gas or oil .
In fig the cooling water in and out of this particular pump is from above grade
, however many cooling water systems are below grade so the piping layout de
signer must find suitable location for this connection.
Piping Guide - www.pipingguide.net
For maintenance of the pumps located under the pipe racks or steel structure
s, maintenance beam or hook shall be planned upward of the pump unless;
(1) Access way of maintenance vehicle is provided under the pipe rack.
(2) Access of automobile crane is possible.
Maintenance space 1000 mm required around pump and without major disa
ssembly.
Pumps shall generally be lined up in parallel with the pipe rack to maintain a
uniformity of location.
Pump discharge points to be fixed in a line below pipe rack and to be about
500 mm away from pipe rack bay.
Others :
1) By-pass line which is installed on pump discharge line shall be routed without
pocket.
2) Avoid installation of chemical or water supply line near the suction nozzle of
reservoir so that air shall not be sucked in.
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Pump Surroundings Support :-
Support regarding of eccentricity of pump :
(1) Support shall be installed so that pipe and valve may not load on the p
ump nozzle.
(3) If support is installed right close to suction or discharge nozzle, it shall be minute
ly adjustable type so that centering can be convenient.
(4) A support installed around suction or discharge nozzle shall be such a type that piping
can be removed and pump can be dismantled easily.
Un-necessary support with respect to
the load on pump nozzle :-
Although support would not seem to be necessary with respect to the load on pump
nozzle, indicate it on the drawing considering the temporary support of piping during
the time of pump maintenance.
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Thank you