CABBAGE

TREE BASIN
ROUTE TAKEN
WHY IT HAS BEEN TAKEN

The route that I decided to take was for the following reasons:
• The river on the side contained Yellowfin breams. Yellowfin Breams were important to sight
as I was researching on them.
• Salt marshes were spotted halfway through the route.
• Towards the end of the route, the southern emu-wren were common.
• The route was filled with grey mangroves.
Taking this route was important for me to take as it contained all the different species I was
researching. The river contained yellowfin breams, and salt marshes were spotted halfway, the
end of the route contained southern emu wren and the entire route was filled with mangroves.
 Salt marshes are ideal in estuaries as it
prevents erosion when adjoined to developed
areas. It is also a great fibre or weaving.

SALTMARSH The leaves of the plant are tough, straw shaped

and spine-tipped that grows from 40 cm to 150
cm. and with a golden brown or black sheath.
This is ideal for its protection as the spike tip
can protect itself from predators and the colour
can confuse predators making them think it is
harmful to touch.
 • The salt marsh is salt tolerant meaning that it can grow in
a salty environment. It also favours brackish
environments and therefore found in estuarine
environments.
SALT MARSH • The plant is able to grow in a range of soil, for example
sand.
• The inflorescence of the flower are clustered in groups
of 3 to 6 towards the end of the stem, keeping it hidden
from predators.
SALT MARSH EVOLUTION

• Kingdom: Plantae
• Clade: Tracheophytes
• Clade: Angiosperms
• Clade: Monocots
• Clade: Commelinids
• Order: Poales
• Family: Juncaceae
• Genus: Juncus L
SALT MARSH
YELLOWFIN BREAM

• Yellowfin breams have a canine teeth on the front of their jaw which allows them to grip food easily
and tear them. This helps the fish species capture other fish easier as they are carnivores.
• The back of their teeth are conical and flattened molar teeth which helps the fish chew on their prey.
• They have strong spines on their dorsal and pelvic fins. This allows the fish to be well protected
against predators as it reduces their capture success.
• The Bream have evolved to survive in brackish environments and environments where a wide variety
of salinity is involved.
• The Yellowfin Breams are darker in estuarine environments when compared to costal waters as they
are made to be adapted to brackish environments.
YELLOWFIN
BREAM
YELLOWFIN BREAM

• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Chordata
• Class: Actinopterygii
• Order: Perciformes
• Family: Sparidae
• Genus: Acanthopaguras
• Species: Acanthopagrus australis
 • Grey mangroves are the most common mangrove species
that are distributed around the world. They are also the
main mangrove species throughout the Basin.
• Grey mangroves generally grow to 25m long and has large
trunks that are covered by light grey, cracked barks.
• Mangroves leaves measure from 5 cm in width to 8 cm in

GREY MANGROVES
length. They are shaped oval, are pointed and are opposite
of each other on the stems. Through these long, thick
leaves, grey mangroves can excrete salt that are unwanted.
Although grey mangroves have this ability, it is best for
them to stay in brackish waters (a mix of salt and fresh).
• Stomata and salt pores can be found all around the leaf,
although they are more abundant on the underside. Stomata
are mostly located under the leaves as it helps them
maintain water without absorbing too much and keeps
them from taking in too much sunlight.
 • Peg-like roots called pneumatophores are spongy-like
and spread out from the base of the trunk. The spongy-
like feature makes it easier and more sufficient for the
grey mangroves to absorb and take in water while
covering a large amount of area.

GREY • Pneumatophores originate from underground lateral

roots horizontally and grow through the soil surface
MANGROVES vertically so it can allow mangrove roots to breathe. This
allows them to live in areas that don’t have soil with
oxygen.
• Grey mangrove seeds germinate while attached to the
tree. This helps the seed germinate without the risk of
getting harmed or washed away from the area by rain.
GREY
MANGROVES
GREY MANGROVES EVOLUTION

• Kingdom: Plantae
• Clade: Tracheophytes
• Clade: Angiosperms
• Clade: Eudicots
• Clade: Asterids
• Order: Lamiales
• Family: Acanthaceae
• Genus: Avicennia
• Species: Avicennia marina
SOUTHERN EMU-WREN

• The southern emu-wren is a shy species with the inability to fly. This leads it to spending most of its
time on the ground in dense coverage and running around more like a rodent with its tail down. Its
tail helps the bird balance and control itself when moving.
• Since emu wrens cannot fly, it has evolved to eat insects and food found in shrubs.
• When breeding, female southern emu-wrens builds oval-shaped domes around its nest with its
entrance being round in shape. This keeps the eggs well incubated
• They have a call which is soft and high pitched, often hard for other organisms to hear. This call
helps them communicate with lessening the risk of alerting predators.
• The colour of a male southern emu wren is different to a females as it has blue on its face and around
its chest. This helps males impress females for mating.
SOUTHERN EMU WREN (MALE)
SOUTHERN EMU-WREN (FEMALE)
SOUTHERN EMU-WREN EVOLUTION

• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Chordata
• Class: Aves
• Order: Passerifomres
• Family: Maluridae
• Genus: Stipiturus
• Species: Stipiturus malachurus
BIBLIOGRAPHY

• https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/fisheries/habitats/marine-plants-including-mangr
oves/common-mangroves/grey-mangrove
• https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/787
• http://www.birdlife.org.au/bird-profile/southern-emu-wren
• http://141.243.8.146/resources/nature/surveys/20110249RoyalHeathcoteFauna.pdf
• https://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/plants-and-animals/grey-mangrove
• https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/39016/66455_00001481_01_Th
esis_grainne_maguire_final.pdf?sequence=1
• https://www.environment.gov.au/resource/mount-lofty-ranges-southern-emu-wren-stipiturus-m
alachurus-intermedius
BIBLIOGRAPHY

• https://www.graemechapman.com.au/library/viewphotos.php?c=138
• https://bie.ala.org.au/species/https://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/2900900#overview
• https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/animals/fishes/yellowfin-bream-acanthopagrus-australis-
owen-1853/
• https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/content/fisheries/recreational/saltwater/sw-species/yellowfin-brea
m
• https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/672#summary
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juncus_kraussii
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juncaceae
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthopagrus_australis
BIBLIOGRAPHY

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicennia_marina