•Kingdom

•Plantae

Fungi •Animalia
•Fungi
•Monera ( prokaryotic kingdom)
•Protista ( eukaryotic microorganisms/algae)
Fungi

Mushrooms, toadstools, Yeasts, Rusts,

Smuts, Mildews, molds

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Distinguishing characters
• Have cell wall made up of chitin
• Lack chlorophyll
• Heterotrophic mode of nutrition
• Feed on dead organic matter and digest it by extracellular enzymes
and absorb the break down products.
• DEFINATION
• Eukaryotic, spore-bearing and achlorophyllus organisms mostly feed
on dead organic matter.
• STRUCTURE
• They contain the filamentous THREAD LIKE structures called hyphae.
• The body is called mycelium
• Hyphae may be septate or non septate (contain cross walls or not)
• The body of fungi having no cross walls is called coenocytic
Structure of fungi

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Components of cell wall
• Polysacchrides
• Protein
• Lipid
• Cellulose-glycogen
• Cellulose- b-glycogen
• chitin
Storage product

• Phosphate
• Calcium
• Gliycogen
• Lipids
• Trehalose ( carbohydrate)
• Malitol ( alcohol)
Mode of nutrition

• On Dead-organic matter- saprobes

• On living host –as parasite (obligate and facultative)

Reproduction
• Vegetative
• Asexual
• sexual
Fungi life cycle

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Types
• Aquatic fungi
• Adaphic fungi ( Rhizoetonia)
• Aerotrophytic fungi (Alternaria, Aspergillus)
• THERMAL FUNGI
• Psychrophylic-cold loving- (0-20) degree Centigrade- bellow 0 degree
Centigrade
• Mesophytic-moderate temp-(10-35) degree centigrade
• Thermophylic-heat loving-(50-60)
• Epiphytic – Living on plants e.g Alternaria
• Epizophytic- live on plant e.g Verticillium
• mucor
• Bread mold, Black modls
Habitat
Found every where all over the world, soil, on cheese rotten vegetable,
plants, surface, lungs, skin, bread, jellies, pickles, eyes, Dead organic
matter.
COLONIES
white to grey
STRUCTURE
Highly branched mycelium i.e cluster of hyphae
REPRODUCTION
• VEGETATIVE
• ASEXUAL
• SEXUAL
• Vegetative
• It occure by fragmentation, vegetative cell break and each broken plant
develop into new plant.
• Asexual
• Sporangiospores are developed within the sporangia. After maturation
the sporangia brust releasing the sporangiophores on the availability of
favourable condition the spore will developed into new fungus.
• Sexual
• Two strains
• Positive and negative strains
• Come close together
• Develop zygospore through the process of gametangial conjugation.
penicillium
• Ascomycota
• 300 species
• HABITATE
• It is present in soil, food. It is cosmopoliation. They live in the form of
colonies.
• STRUCTURE
• Body is branched mycelium.
• Hyphae is septate
• One to multinucleate
• REPRODUCTION
• Vegetative Reproduction (fragmentation)
• Mycelium breaks into one or more fregments. Each fragment develop into
a new fungi.
• Asexual Reproduction
• By means of conidia( asexual spores) conidiophores (stalks) born on the
vegetative hyphae.
• At the time of maturity, conidia detached from mother and disperse by
wind. On finding a suitable substrate they grminate to form a new
myceliu.
• Sexual Reproduction
• Ascogonium (female)
• Antheridium (male)
• By mating of ascogonium and antheridium new mycelium formed.
Structure of
penicilium

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Phyllactinia
• Plant pathogen causing powdery mildew disease.
• STRUCTURE
• Plant body mycelium is branched- (septate hyphae)
• REPRODUCTION
• Asexual
• By means of conidia
• They are elongate and spindle shaped
• Sexual
• By means of antheridia and ascogonia
Agaricus
• They produce fruiting bodies called basidia on gills.
• Habitate
• They are produce fruiting on soil, decaying litter, rotten logs, in field,
grassy areas
• Mostly moist shady places.
• Species
• 300 species
• 30-40 present in india and pak. Some are edible and some are
poisonous.
 Structure of agaricus

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• Importance
• Used as a medicine to treat of
• cholesterol
• Blood pressure
• Heart attack
• Weak bones
• Stomach ulcer
• Cancer
• diabeties
• Sexual reproduction
• Through conidia
• Asexual Reproduction
• Through chlamdospores
Puccincinia
• 400 species
• Cause rust disease to wheat, barley, oat, rice.
• It is plant pathogen.
• Rust disease symptoms
• Grains are shriveled
• Characteristics pustules
• Method
• Mycelium grows on leaves hyphae modify into hostouria enter the
plant via stomsch and absorb food.
• Structure
• Mycelium is branched hyphae is septate.
• Type of Rust
• Black rust
• Yellow rust or stripe rust
• Brown rust
Structure of
puccinia

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