INTRODUCTION TO INFECTIOUS Asst. Prof. Noriel P.

Calaguas
DISEASES
CORE VALUES

EXCELLENCE
SOCIETAL RESPONSIBILITY
BACTERIAL DISEASES Introduction to Infectious Diseases
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
Bacterial infections have a large impact on public health.
Disease can occur at any body site and can be caused by the organism itself or by
the body's response to its presence.
Bacteria are transmitted to humans through air, water, food, or living vectors.
The principal modes of transmission of bacterial infection are contact, airborne,
droplet, vectors, and vehicular.
Preventive measures have a dramatic impact on morbidity and mortality.
Such measures include water treatment, immunization of animals and humans,
personal hygiene measures, and safer sex practices.
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a growing concern mandating their prudent use.
VIRAL DISEASES Introduction to Infectious Diseases
VIRAL INFECTIONS
The science of virology is relatively young.
Viruses are known to infect most organisms, including bacteria, blue-green algae, fungi, plants,
insects, and vertebrates
We attempt here to provide an overview of virology that emphasizes their potential as human
disease agents.
Because of the scope of virology, and because human viruses that cause disease, especially
epidemic disease, are not uniformly distributed across virus families, the treatment is not
intended to be comprehensive.
Nevertheless, we feel that it is important that the human viruses be presented in the
perspective of viruses as a whole so that some overall understanding of this fascinating group
of agents can emerge.
Thus, we consider many nonhuman viruses that are important for our understanding of the
evolution and biology of viruses.
PARASITIC DISEASES Introduction to Infectious Diseases
PARASITOLOGY
Branch of science/microbiology that deals with Parasites
• organisms that live on or within another living organism (host), at whose
expense gain some advantage
• require living matter for nourishment
PARASITISM
• symbiotic relationship that:
• only benefits to one party or symbiont (parasite)
• harmful to the other (host)
PARASITOLOGY
Two types of parasitic host:
• Intermediate host
• harbors the larvae
• harbors the parasite on its asexual stage of
development
• Definitive host
• harbors the adult parasite
• harbors the parasite on its sexual stage of development
PARASITOLOGY
Classification of parasites according to where
they are found:
• Endoparasites
• parasites found inside the body
• e.g. worms
• Ectoparasites
• parasites found outside (surface) the body
• e.g. lice
PARASITOLOGY
Two divisions of parasites:
• PARASITIC PROTOZOA
• Unicellular organisms
• PARASITIC METAZOA
• Multicellular organisms
• types:
• Helminths / Parasitic worms
• Arthropods
PARASITIC PROTOZOA
make up approximately 70 percent of all parasites

Unicellular microscopic organisms that are dependent on other living matter for
sustenance

possess an intensely rapid reproductive ability that can take over the intestinal tract of
their host; and from there go on to other organs and tissues
PARASITIC PROTOZOA
general stages of parasitic protozoan development:
• Cystic stage
• Trophozoite stage
PARASITIC PROTOZOA
CYSTIC STAGE
• “Resistant stage”
• can survive outside the body
• cyst offers protection from the host’s digestive/gastric
juices
• cyst offers safe transportation to the non-motile cyst
through food and water from one person to another
• “Infective stage”
PARASITIC PROTOZOA
Trophozoite stage
• Active stage
• Feeding stage
• Motile stage
• it is where reproduction occurs by binary fission
• “Non-infective stage”
• cannot survive outside the body
PARASITIC PROTOZOA

ENCYSTATION EXCYSTATION
• trophozoite → cyst • cyst → trophozoite
PARASITIC PROTOZOA
Organs of locomotion:
• Pseudopod
• false foot
• Flagella
• whip-like prolongation that propel the organism by their
lashing motions
• Cilia
• shorter, more delicate, more plentiful than flagella and are
attached to the entire outer surface of the organism
PARASITIC PROTOZOA
PARASITIC PROTOZOA
Types of Protozoa according to their organs of locomotion
• Rhizopoda / Sarcodina
• protozoa using pseudopods for locomotion
• e.g. Amoeba
• Mastigophora / Flagellates
• protozoa using flagella for locomotion
• e.g. Trichomonas vaginalis
PARASITIC PROTOZOA
Types of Protozoa according to their organs of locomotion
• Ciliophora / Ciliates
• protozoa using Cilia for locomotion
• Sporozoa
• protozoa without any organs for locomotion
RHIZOPODA
RHIZOPODA
MASTIGOPHORA
MASTIGOPHORA
CILIOPHORA
PARASITIC PROTOZOA
Types of reproduction:
• Sexual
• occurs in a definitive host
• union of two gametes or sex cells which will result to a zygote
• Asexual
• occurs in the intermediate host
• lengthwise or crosswise division of one protozoon yielding two
new protozoa
• binary fission
FUNGAL DISEASES Introduction to Infectious Diseases
MYCOLOGY
Branch of microbiology, which deals with the study
of fungi
MYCOLOGY
characteristics of fungi:
• Do not contain chlorophyll
• no photosynthesis
MYCOLOGY
characteristics of fungi:
• All are Chemoheterotrophs
• require organic compounds for energy
• (–) chlorophyll
• unable to make their own food by photosynthesis
MYCOLOGY
characteristics of fungi:
• All are Chemoheterotrophs
• Parasitic fungi
• live on or within a living organism
• Saprophytic fungi (Saprophytes)
• live on dead or decaying organic matter in soil or
water
• act as decomposers
MYCOLOGY
characteristics of fungi:
• Either:
• harmful; or,
• causing diseases
• spoils food
• beneficial
• involved in fermentation
• production of certain medications
• decomposition
MYCOLOGY
characteristics of fungi:
• Decompose dead or decaying organic matter
thereby recycling vital elements (especially
saprophytes)
• nature’s original recyclers
• “garbage disposers” of nature
• “vultures” of the microbial world
STRUCTURE OF FUNGI
Fungi grow as long filaments of cells called Hyphae
• joined together to form a mass called Thallus, Body, or Mycelium
TYPES OF HYPHAE
according to structure:
• Septate hyphae
• hyphae is divided into cells by cross-walls or septa
• mostly divided into single-celled structures
• Aseptate hyphae / Coenocytic hyphae
• no septa present
• contain multi-nucleated cytoplasm
TYPES OF HYPHAE

Septa

Multinucleated

Single-celled

Aseptate Hyphae Septate Hyphae

TYPES OF HYPHAE
TYPES OF HYPHAE
TYPES OF HYPHAE

according to function:
• Vegetative hyphae
• portion of the hyphae that obtains nutrients
• located beneath the surface
• Reproductive / Aerial hyphae
• portion of the hyphae that is concerned with reproduction
• located above the surface or projected in the air (aerial)
TYPES OF HYPHAE
Aerial Hyphae

Vegetative Hyphae
TYPES OF HYPHAE
TYPES OF FUNGAL REPRODUCTION
Budding

Spore Formation
TYPES OF FUNGAL REPRODUCTION
BUDDING
• parent cell forms a “bud” on its
outer surface
• parent cell’s nucleus divides then
migrates into the bud; the bud
eventually breaks away
TYPES OF FUNGAL REPRODUCTION
TYPES OF FUNGAL REPRODUCTION
TYPES OF FUNGAL REPRODUCTION
SPORE FORMATION
• general categories of spores:
• Sexual spores
• Asexual spores
TYPES OF FUNGAL REPRODUCTION
SPORE FORMATION
• Sexual spores
• result from the fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains of the same
species of fungus
• organisms that grow from sexual spores will have genetic characteristics of
both parental strains
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FERTILIZATION
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TYPES OF FUNGAL REPRODUCTION
Types of fungal reproduction
TYPES OF FUNGAL REPRODUCTION
SPORE FORMATION
• Asexual spores / Conidium
• produced by an individual fungus through mitosis and
subsequent cell division

• organisms produced are genetically identical to the parent

• formed by the hyphae of one organism

TYPES OF FUNGAL REPRODUCTION
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Asexual Spore Reproduction
GENERAL TYPES OF FUNGI:
YEASTS

MOLDS

FLESHY FUNGI
YEASTS

microscopic, eukaryotic, oval-shaped,

unicellular organisms that lack mycelia.

Reproduction: Budding
• sometimes forming Pseudohyphae
• “false hyphae”
• buds that fail to detach from the parent cell
• remember that yeasts lack mycelia
therefore lacks hyphae as well
YEASTS
commonly used in the process of fermentation
• ferments sugar to alcohol (under anaerobic conditions)
• breaks down simple sugars to carbon dioxide and water (under aerobic
conditions)
good source of nutrients

can also cause infection such as:

• Candidiasis (Candida albicans)
• Cryptococcosis (Cryptococcus neoformans)
MOLDS
unlike yeasts, molds contain hyphae

Reproduction: Spore formation

• either sexually or asexually using the aerial hyphae

the first antibiotic discovered by a scientist was made from the mold Penicilium notatum thus the name
Penicillin
FLESHY FUNGI
also contain hyphae

Reproduction: Spore formation

unlike yeasts, fleshy fungi can be seen even on the unaided eye, therefore, they are not
considered as microorganisms
FLESHY FUNGI
these are large fungi that are commonly seen on forests, such
as:
• Mushrooms – class of true fungi that consist of a network of filaments or
strands (mycelium) that grow in the soil or in a rotting log and a fruiting body.
• Toadstools
• Puffballs
• Bracket Fungi
GENERAL TYPES OF FUNGI:
*DIMORPHIC FUNGI
• fungi that have two forms of growth
• can live either as yeasts or molds depending on growth
conditions
• When grown at 37ºC, dimorphic fungi exist as yeasts
(reproduce by budding)
• When grown at 25ºC, dimorphic fungi exist as molds
(reproduce by spore formation), producing mould colonies.