Measurement

Mr. Ardee A. Andallo

Measurement- is a process of determining the
extent of the dimensions, quantity, or extent of
something.
The most convenient system of units is the
International System of Units (SI). The seven
base units are the length (m), mass (kg), time (s),
electric current, (A) temperature (K), amount of
substance (mol), and luminous intensity (cd).
 Random Error and Systematic Error

• Uncertainty is measurement
can also be the affects of
uncontrolled variables in the
measurement called the
random errors; and from a flaw
in the equipment or the design
of an experiment called the
systematic error.
• Percent of error- is the
absolute value of the difference
between the true value and the
experimental value divided by
the true value.
Precision- refers to the
closeness of measurement
within a set of data.
Accuracy- is determined
when a certain
quantitative value is
relatively close to the
“true value”.
 Significant figures- are the digits in any
measurement that are known with certainty, plus
one digit which is uncertain.
Rules for counting significant figures and examples
Rules Measured Numbers No. of significant figures
1. all nonzero digits are significant 247 3
2. Zeros between nonzero digits are significant 20303 5
3. Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digits are NOT 0.0200 3
significant
4. If the number is less than 1, then only the zeros at the end
of the number and the zero between nonzero digits are 0.003560 4
significant.
5. If the number is greater than 1, then all the zeros written to 3560.00 6
the right of the decimal point are significant
6. For numbers with trailing zeros that do not contain a 300 expressed as
decimal point, the zeros may or may NOT be significant 3x103 1
3.0x103 2
3.00x103 3
7. Zeros used as place holders (i.e. x10-3) in a large number
without a decimal number point are NOT significant 1.234x10-3 4
 Density Measurement

Density measurement- is one of • Volume

B.   is the amount of space
the common measurement done occupied by a substance. In liquids, the
volume can be determined using a
in the laboratory. It involves
graduated cylinder, while in solids, the
getting the mass, volume and volume can be determine by two
temperature of an object. methods:
1.  For regularly-shaped solids, the volume
formula for the particular shape is used:
A.Mass- is the quantity of matter
in the object. It is determined
by weighing the object, using a Rectangular solid= length x width x
height
balance. The SI basic unit of
• Cubic solid = side x side x side
mass is the kilogram, but the
• Cylindrical solid = r2h
gram is more convenient to use.
• Spherical solid = 4/3r3
 
2. For irregularly-shaped solids,
the water displacement
method is used
• K= 0C + 273.15
A.Temperature- tells how hot • K= (0F + 459.67) x 5/9
or cold an object is. It is • 0C = (TF – 32) 9/5
commonly marked either by
0C (Celsius) or 0F • 0F = (TC x 9/5) + 32
(Fahrenheit); although the SI
basic unit for the
temperature is the K (kelvin).
Density
•Density-
  is the ratio of Sample problem:
the mass of an object to 1. A sample amount of
the volume it occupies. sugar has a mass of
250-g and a volume of
157.3 cm3. What is its
density in gram per
cubic centimeter?
 
• Solution:
 
Mass = 250.0 g
Volume = 157.3 cm3
Density = ?

D 1.589 g/cm3