Bell Ringer

Using only the PVC, move

the soda can, but you
cannot touch the can with
the PVC or blow on the can.
Explain how you did it.
 Bell Ringer

Describe one of the stations

from last weeks lab in detail.
How do you believe a
transfer of charges caused
this to occur?
Electrostatics
• Electric charges at rest (static
electricity)

• Involves electric charges, the forces

between them, and their behavior in
materials
Electric Forces
• Arise from the particles in atoms

• Alone: Billions and billions of times as

strong as the force of gravity

• In Pairs: Cancel each other out and have

no noticeable effect
 Charge
• In an atom, a positively charged nucleus
is surrounded by electrons
• The protons (+) in the nucleus attract the
electrons (-), while the electrons repel
each other
• This attraction and repulsion behavior
gives an object its charge
Properties of Atoms
• All electrons are identical, with the same mass
and same quantity of charge
• The nucleus is composed of protons (all of
which are also identical) and neutrons
(neutral)
• Atoms usually have as many electrons as
protons, so the atom has a zero net charge
 Bell Ringer

Draw an atom and label the

protons, neutrons and
electrons
Which of these particles is
the easiest to remove?
The Fundamental
Rule…
Like charges repel; opposite
charges attract
 Ions
• If the total positive charge balances the total
negative charge, the atom is neutral
• If a particle is removed from the atom, it
becomes an ion
• Positive
Ion: Has lost one or more electrons
and has a net positive charge
• Negative Ion: Has gained one or more
electrons and has a net negative charge
Removal of Electrons
• The inner electrons are bound very tightly to
the atom
• The outermost electrons of many atoms are
bound loosely and can be easily dislodged
 Conductors and
Insulators
• Conductor: Materials which allow electric
charge to flow freely
• Metals are good conductors because their
outer electrons are not bound tightly
• Insulator: Materials which do not allow
electric charge to flow freely (i.e. glass,
rubber)
 Conductors and
Insulators
• Semiconductor: Materials that can be made
to behave as either a conductor or an
insulator of electricity
• i.e.) germanium, silicon
• Superconductor: Material that has infinite
conductivity at low temperatures so that
charge flows through it without resistance
Conservation of Charge
Electrons are never created nor
destroyed, but are simply transferred
from one material to another
• No case of the creation or destruction of net
electric charge has ever been found
• Electronsare always transferred in whole –
they cannot be divided into fractions of
electrons
Coulomb’s Law
The force between two charges depends
on the magnitude of the charges and
the distance between them

qq
F=k 1 2

d
2
 Coulomb’s Law
qq
F=k 1 2

d 2

• Units of charge = Coulomb (C)

•kis a proportionality constant called the
Coulomb constant
9 N·m2
•k  9,000,000,000 N·m2
or 9·10
C2 C2
Other Useful Numbers
Charge of an -19
Electron qe = -1.6 · 10 C

Charge of a -19
Proton qp = +1.6 · 10 C
Coulomb’s Law
The force between two charges depends
on the magnitude of the charges and
the distance between them

qq
F=k 1 2

d
2
Sample Problem
Two electrons are a meter apart.
What is the force between them?
What direction is it in?
 Sample Problem
d = 1m
-19 -19
q = -1.6*10 C q = -1.6*10 C
p e

qq
F=k 1 2

d 2

-19 -19
(-1.6*10 C)* (-1.6*10 C)
9 2 2
F = (9*10 N*m /C ) 2
(1 m)

-28
F = 2.3*10 N
Sample Problem
Two electrons are two meters apart.
What is the force between them?
What direction is it in?
Coulomb’s Law
The force between the two particles
falls off as 1/d2

qq
F=k 1 2

d
2
 Bell Ringer
Two electrons are two centrimeters apart.
What is the force between them?
What direction is it in?
 Charging
• Items may be charged by friction

• Electrons
are moved from one object to
another by being scraped away
• Items may be charged by contact

• Electronsare moved without being

scraped off
Charging by Induction

Induction: The charging of an object

without direct contact
Charging by Induction

Grounding: Allowing charges to

move freely along a connection
between a conductor and the ground
(shown in sketch c)
Induction and
Lightning
The bottom of the
negatively charged
cloud induces a
positive charge at
the surface of the
ground below.
 In Summary. . .
Objects are electrically charged in one of
three ways:
•By friction, when electrons are rubbed from
one object to another
•By contact, when electrons are transferred
through direct contact without rubbing
•Through induction when electrons are
gathered or dispersed by the presence of a
nearby charge (without physical contact)
 Bell Ringer

Determine the electrical force

between two balloons with separate
charges of +3.5 x 10-8 C and -2.9 x 10-
8 C when separated a distance of 0.65

m.
What is the direction?
2.16 x 10-5 N, attractive
 Field Lines
• Electric Fields have a magnitude and
direction
• Vector Quantities
• Lines go away from positive

• Lines go toward negative

 Drawing Field Lines
•From + to –
•Lines start
perpendicular to
the surface of the
charge
•Field strength is
shown by the
density of the field
lines
 Electric Shielding
•All charge on a conductor gathers on the
outside
•If a charge is contained inside a conductor
the electric field is zero
•If a charge is outside a conductor the inside
of the container will not be affected by the
outside charge
•Example: Faraday Cage
Faraday Cage
 Bell Ringer

Joann has rubbed a balloon with wool to give it a

charge of -1.0 x 10-6 C. She then acquires a plastic
golf tube with a charge of +4.0 x 10-6 C localized at a
given position. She holds the location of charge on
the plastic golf tube a distance of 50.0 cm above the
balloon. Determine the electrical force of attraction
between the golf tube and the balloon.
Charge Polarization
Electrical
Polarization:
When one side of a
molecule is induced
to be slightly more
positive than the
other side
 Capacitor
•A capacitor stores
difference in electric
charge
•Usually stored in
parallel plates
•Consists of two
conductors with an
insulator in between
 Capacitors
•Can hold this
separation of charge
for large periods of
time
•This is why it is not
smart to take apart
an Old Television
Set
 Quick Review

Draw the electric field of

 An electron and a proton
 Two electrons

What are the three methods of charging

 Give an example of each

What is the difference between a conductor and an

insulator?
What is an ion?
A 4C charge and a -3C charge are 1 meter apart. Which
charge experiences a larger force?