Translation can be defined as encoding the meaning and form in the target language by means

of the decoded meaning and form of the source language. Picken (1989) defines that general
translation is a method of transferring oral and written messages from writing to speech or
from one language to another. Kelly another scholars of tanslator defines translation as the
skill of understanding the source text and rendering it in the target language by using the
register, the background knowledge, and other language resources according to the intended
purpose. Therefore, a translator is a mediator of the two languages and cultures who can
transfer the SL to the TL. Bergen quotes Chesterman's (1997) list of some general
characteristics of translation strategies:
a) Translation strategies apply to a process;
b) They involve text-manipulation;
c) They are goal-oriented;
d) They are problem-centered;
e) They are applied consciously;
f) They are inter-subjective.
 आपके साथ इनको हमेशा संदेह से देखा जाता है
हमउम्र या छोटी हो तो शंका और भी गहराती है

They’re always viewed with you from dubiety

Be coeval or be younger suspicion gets even more deeper

Problem: Semantic translation (Equivalence in meaning Representation)

Equivalence in grammatical representation
Adopted semantic strategy(synonymous)

The target text doesn’t convey the same meaning as of the source text
while translating.
 ये आम दोस्तों की तरह नहीं जा सकतीं आपके स्कू टर के पीछे बैठकर

Sitting on the back of your scooter, can’t go like an

ordinary friend

Problem: Equivalence in communicative value;

Can’t go for literal meaning, one point that

should be kept in mind that TL text should be
equivalent to the SL text.
 ये आपकी पीठ पर एक धप्पा मारकर चौंकाना चाहती हैं
देर शाम फ़ोन पर अपनी कविता सुनाना चाहती हैं
किसी बहस में उलझे-उलझे सड़क पर घूमना चाहती हैं

They want to stagger you by smacking on your back

Want to recite her poem phoning in the evening
Want to roam around the road getting involved in wrangle.

Problem : Equivalence in meaning; over translation

लाॅन्ग ड्राइव पर आपके साथ किशोर लता के गाने सुनना चाहती हैं
ये आपकी हर बात को धैर्य से सुनती हैं

Want to listen Kishore Lata’s songs with you on the long drive
They patiently listen your whole talk.

Problem: Lexical problem(No term for proper

noun); Cultural unstability (PS=SV)
 पिछले दिनों किस क़दर बुख़ार से तप रही थीं ये
ये भी कहाँ पूछ पाती हैं समय पर आपकी ख़ैर-ख़बर

In what way were they burning with fever since last days
When they ask about your well being on time

Problem: Equivalence in Grammatical structure; meaning

equivalence; don’t find proper word for ख़ैर-ख़बर go for well
being ; equivalence in communicative value
 Adopted loan strategy