Planning, Analysis & Design of Special Lift

Irrigation Scheme for Apple Orchards of Delina,

Kashmir.
STUDENT NAME REGISTER NUMBER
1. Faizan Ahmad Wani RA1711001010083
2. Hassaan Bin Firdous Khushkhwan RA1711001010120
3. Mohammad Elyass RA1711001010155
B.TECH CIVIL ENGINEERING – 15CE496 L - Major Project.
Date: /02/2021.
REVIEW ZERO
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF

Mr. Shaik Niyazuddin Guntakal

Assistant Professor (Sr. G)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
FEBURARY 2021
 INTRODUCTION
• Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood of about 58% of India’s
Population, with food grain production estimated to be at about 295.67
million tons (MT).
• When it comes to agriculture in Kashmir, it mainly comprises of Rice,
Maize, Wheat along with production of Saffron and Apples, hence rightly
being termed as a dominant crops of the Valley, with 60% of total apple
production of the subcontinent being concentrated in the Valley.
• Apple production industry represents 98% of the total fruit production of
the Valley and is the backbone of economy in the valley providing
employment to about 60% of the inhabitants.
• Apples (Commercial) grow readily throughout temperate climate zones in
the north-western hilly region of Kashmir in a temperature range of 21-
24oC.
INTRODUCTION CONTINUED…
• Optimum growth of the crop needs 100-125 cm of rainfall evenly
distributed during the growing season (May to November) as apple crop is
very sensitive to soil moisture & deviations from the mean value result in
poor quality of fruit.
• Apple growers of Delina have faced an issue of lack of optimum amount of
water for the crops as the climatic changes have led to uneven distribution
of rainfall leading to huge financial and livelihood loss.
• This study is aimed at developing a special scheme of irrigation in order to
make water available with ease to the apple crops in the hilly region of
Delina in order to increase the apple productivity and quality so as to keep
the crop and the livelihoods linked to it breathing.
• The scheme is based on lift irrigation technique where an initial head as
potential is generated in water using pumps which is followed by gravity
based down flow for crop irrigation using reservoirs and pipelines.
 OBJECTIVES

• To delineate optimum amount of water needed by apple crop in order to

provide the required amount of water in times of scarcity.
• To determine the location of Pump Stage I to establish the start point of
the scheme and determine water lifting requirements.
• Determine Lifting motor; Type, Capacity and number for optimal use of
the scheme.
• Determine the material & frictional losses in supply pipes and determine
optimal sections for pipes.
 OBJECTIVES CONTINUED

• Determine layout of the piping system.

• Determine the location and capacity of primary reservoir and secondary
reservoirs.
 NECESSITY
• The non uniform distribution of rainfall has led to decrease in productivity
& quality of apples in the hot spots of the valley.
• There is an urgent need develop an irrigation scheme in the area to help
make water available for crops.
• Due to the fact that cropping lands are hilly regions. Thus elevated, the
only possibility for continuous water supply is by a lift irrigation scheme.
• The water scarcity will be countered by supplying and storing ample
amount of water for time to time use by the help of motors, pipelines &
reservoirs.
• The necessity lies in the fact that water crisis faced from years is causing a
damage to their livelihoods and the apple industry on the whole.
 SCOPE

• Determine amount of water in terms of cubic meters required for ambient

soil moisture condition .
• The location of pump is determined and its motor type and motor capacity
is fixed.
• Friction losses are calculated and diameter of pipe fixed.
• Good for work (GFD) drawings are drafted.
• The dimensions of primary and secondary reservoir are fixed.
• Method and trend of water supply is obtained.
METHODOLGY - ANALYTICAL
Literature review

Planning and distribution

system modelling

Analysis & Design

Optimization of system

Result
 SCHEDULE
S. No Month Work to be done Remarks

Finalisation of project
title, Collection of
1. February – 2021 literature & Learning
EPANET and
planning of LIS

Modelling, Analysis
and design of pipe
2. March – 2021 sections and piping
layout.(Various
Sections).
Compilation of final
3. May – 2020 results and report
preparation
 MAJOR DESIGN EXPERIENCE
• Design of pipe sections as per guidelines for planning and design of piped
irrigation network - Government of India – part I & II
• Design of piping system
• Design of lifting system
• Simulation of water flow in GUI of EPANET.
• Frictional loss determination in pipes.
• Design of pipe connections.
• Determination of Crop delta and duty.
 APPLICATION OF EARLIER COURSE WORKS
Subject Code Subject Name
Hydrology & Irrigation
15CE304
Engineering & design
Water Supply and Environmental
15CE306 M
Engineering & Design
Context
To study the hydrologic cycle,
precipitation, runoff and its estimation.
To know the importance, features and
uses of diversion and impounding
structures. To explore the importance of
rivers, reservoirs and silt control. To learn
about basics of irrigation, consumptive
use and design a channel through
Kennedy’s theory, Lacey’s theory.
Know the basics, importance, and
methods of water supply. Study the
various sources and properties of water.
Understand the various methods of
conveyance of water. Learn the
objectives and methods of water
treatment and study the features and
function of different water treatment
units. Learn the importance of rain water
harvesting and water pollution.
 APPLICATION OF EARLIER COURSE WORKS
CONTINUED…

Subject Code Subject Name Context

To study the measurement of pressure of

fluid in pipes using various devices like
manometers, mechanical gauges . To
study the measurement of velocity and
discharge using weirs, notches,
venturimeter etc.To study open channel
flow through Chezy’s, Manning’s,
15CE208 Applied Hydraulic Engineering Kutter’s formulae; economical channel
sections, hydraulic jump; introduction to
irregular flows. To understand the
components , function, and uses of
centrifugal and reciprocating pumps. To
understand the components , function,
and uses of Pelton wheel, Kaplan and
Francis turbines.
 APPLICATION OF EARLIER COURSE WORKS
CONTINUED…

Subject Code Subject Name Context

To learn the working principle,

components, functions of orificemeter
and venturimeter. To determine the losses
in pipes. To study the flow through
Hydraulic Engineering orifices, mouthpieces and notches. To
15CE205 L study the concept of Buoyancy. To study
Laboratory
the performance of centrifugal and
reciprocating pumps. To study the
performance of Pelton wheel and Francis
turbines
REFERENCE TO CODES AND STANDARDS
CODES CONTEXT
 MULTIDISCIPLINARY AND TEAM WORK

• Software Department for initial setup and usage of EPANET GUI.

 SOFTWARE /EQUIPMENT
• Software:
– EPANET Version 2.0
– AUTOCAD 2016
 LINKAGE OF YOUR PROJECT
• Industry Relevance : The Scheme will induce better quality and
productivity of the crops thus providing boost to the apple industries
• Environmental relevance: The scheme will prove to be environment
friendly by ensuring good plant health.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

(Maximum 3 slides)

• 1. National Horticulture Board (2000), Apple can be grown at altitudes

1,500-2,700 m. above m.s.l. in the Himalayan range which experience
1,000-1,500 hours of chilling (the no. of hours during which temperature
remains at or below 70 C during the winter season). The temperature
during the growing season is around 21-240 C. For optimum growth and
fruiting, apple trees need 100-125 cm. of annual rainfall, evenly distributed
during the growing season. Excessive rains and fog near the fruit maturity
period result in poor fruit quality with improper colour development and
fungal spots on its surface. Areas exposed to high velocity of winds are not
desirable for apple cultivation. Loamy soils, rich in organic matter with pH
5.5 to 6.5 and having proper drainage and aeration are suitable for
cultivation.
• Fayaz Ahmad Lone et. al. (2019) The area under apple cultivation in
India increased by 24% from 1.95 lakh ha. in 1991-92 to 2.42 lakh ha. in
2001-02 although production increased by less than 1% (i.e. from 11 to 12
lakh tones). It is mostly grown in the states of Jammu & Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. The
average number of plants in an area of one ha. can range between 200 to
1250. Four different categories of planting density are followed viz. low
(less than 250 plants/ha.), moderate (250-500 plants/ha.), high (500-1250
plants/ha.) and ultra high density (more than 1250 plants /ha.). The
combination of rootstock and scion variety determines the plant spacing
and planting density/unit area.
• Mifta ul Shafiq (2018) Agriculture plays a very prominent role for the
economic development of J&K State. It contributes around 27% of the
state’s economy. Almost 70% of its population is dependent on agriculture
and about 49%of the working class is engaged in it. During the last several
years, diversification of Agriculture in State towards high-value
commodities, i.e. fruits, vegetables and livestock products is taking place at
a faster pace and is reflected in the high share of High-value Commodities
(HVCs) in agricultural production in a number of districts.
• Rasool et. al. (2016) Year after year, there is a significant increase in area
and production under horticulture crops. There are around 7 lakh families
comprising of about 33 lakh people who are directly or indirectly
associated with horticulture. As a result there is a perceptible change in the
concept of horticulture development in the state. The area under Fruits in
J&K State has increased from 85,508 hectares in 1975–1976 to 337,677
hectares in 2015–2016 and production has crossed 2,493,999 MTs in the
same period .Horticulture occupies a very important position in the
predominantly agricultural economy of western Himalaya, among all the
fruits grown in the Kashmir
• Masoodi et al (2003) Jammu and Kashmir has immense scope for
horticulture development owing to its topography, climate and enormous
diversity of agro-climatic niches in J&K in his studyhas shown that J&K
has the highest average yield and accounts for approximately 2/3 of total
apple production of India. In their study revealed that the apple cultivation
in Jammu and Kashmir is an old age activity and around 200 varieties of
apple were used to be cultivated in the state.
• Mr. G. E. Erixson (1910) A considerable amount of the energy of a stream
of water is lost when flowing through a pipe, due to the impact of particles
of water against the inner surface of the pipe. This energy loss is usually
expressed in terms of lost pressure head, which is a function of the energy.
Many formulas have been suggested for determining this loss and a great
amount of data has been taken upon this subject. Experiments show that
the lost head depends upon the following conditions: length of pipe,
condition of interior surface of pipe, diameter of pipe, the velocity of flow
of the water, and to less extent upon the temperature of the water.
Experiments seem to show that no formula will express, except in a
general way, the loss due to friction, as the loss found in any pipe may
change from time to time.
• Alok kumar Ansua et. al. (2019) The study deals with the determination
of value of friction factor (f) using the explicit and implicit form of
equation in the fluid flow mainly in the turbulent flow regime. A computer
programming has been developed to determine the friction factor value of
the Colebrook white equation which is in the implicit form. The aim is to
reduce the friction factor value by taking into account the fluid properties
and the material of construction. The friction factor has also been
calculated by using other empirical equations for different Reynolds
number and the comparison study has been done for the same.
• Ravi kumar Sharma et. al (2018) It has been observed that in case of
galvanized iron the Cole brook equation has the lowest value of friction
factor for the higher value of Re. In case of steel Colebrook has the lower
value of friction factor in the lower region of Re where as in case of cast
iron, Haaland equation has lower value of friction factor for higher range
of Re. The effect of friction factor has also been studied with varying Re
for different surface roughness(ε/D).
 REFERENCES
1. National Horticulture Board, Apple - bankable one-acre model for high
quality commercial cultivation of the crop production statistics,
Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare – 2003
2. An experimental study of friction of water in pipes by Jay Lawrence
Irwin, University of Illinois – 1911.
3. 3 Study of significance of friction factor in pipe Design - AIP Conference
Proceedings 2148, 030058 (2019).
4. Evaluation of long term trends in apple cultivation and its productivity in
Jammu and Kashmir from 1975 to 2015 by Mifta Ul Shafiq 2018.
5. Guidelines for planning and design of piped irrigation network part 1 & 2
Ministry of water resources, river development & ganga rejuvenation
Central Water Commission Government Of India
THANK YOU