Digital image

manipulation techniques
UNIT 28
Image manipulation: past
Photo manipulation dates back to the 19 th centaury and at this time· Since then, image manipulation
became a key part of photography, with 19th-century photographers painting directly onto glass-plate
negatives to remove imperfections and sometimes even paint entire people or elements out of the shot.
The earliest known photograph is believed to have been taken by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1826.
The French inventor used a technique he called heliography, whereby a glass or metal surface was
coated in an asphalt called Bitumen of Judea. The liquid would harden in the brightest areas, while the
unhardened bitumen would be washed away, leaving behind the photographic imprint.
Equipment and technology has improves over time, it was not until the late 20 th centaury that
photography changed to a digital form. It was created by Steve Sasson, now regarded as the inventor
of the digital camera. digital photography also gave way to cultural changes in the field of photography.
Unlike with traditional photography, dark rooms and hazardous chemicals were no longer required for
post-production of an image – images could now be processed and enhanced from behind a computer
screen.
Image manipulation: Past
An example of image manipulation in the past is
this image of a woman. The image has been shot
three times one post production during
production and the final product. Between these
three shots we can see the lower half of her body
waning with the background another effect used
in this phot is the slimming of her body which
could have been used with the help of the
background and shadowing.
 Pre-digital commercial image
manipulation techniques
There were certain tools from the pre-digital era for retouching
images some of these tools are:

Gouache paint: used most consistently by commercial artists for

posters, illustrations, comics, and other design work. Gouache is
similar to watercolor in that it can be re-wetted, it dries to a matte
finish, and the paint can become infused with its paper support.
Kneaded erasers: Kneaded erasers can be shaped by hand for
precision erasing, creating highlights, or performing detailed work.
They are commonly used to remove light charcoal or graphite
marks and in subtractive drawing techniques.
Charcoal sticks: Charcoal pencils consist of compressed charcoaled
closed in a jacket of wood. Designed to be similar to graphite
pencils while maintaining most of the properties of charcoal, they
are often used for fine and crisp detailed drawings, while keeping
the user's hand from being marked.
An airbrush: small, air operated tool the air in the compressor is
compressed in order to spray the airbrush paint contained.
 digital blemish removal techniques
The techniques used in digital blemish removal are three main tools that are in the
photoshop app. These are, dodge, burn, and the spot healing tool. The main use of
the dodge and burn application is to lighten or darken certain areas of an image.
dodge tool is used to make an image appear lighter whereas Burn Tool is used to
make an image appear darker. While holding back the exposure (dodging) makes
an image lighter, increasing the exposure (burning) makes an image appear darker.
The spot healing tool is essentially a texture replacement tool, meaning that it tries
to create a seamless repair by replacing damaged or unwanted texture from one
area in an image with good texture from another area, without changing the
problem area's original colour or brightness values.
Digital blemish removal

An example of digital blemish

removal is seen in this photo of
Beyoncé. As seen in the original
photo Beyoncé's face is more
round, lighting is out of place, and
patchy skin. In the final outcome of
the photo we can see Beyoncé
having a sharper jawline, perfect
skin with no blemishes, darker
shaded areas to contour her face.
Digital colour correction
Colour correction refers to the process
where every individual clip of a video
footage is altered to match colour
temperature. This helps the footage
looks exactly the way that the human
eye sees things. For example, if you were
to take a photo of a mountain but it
contrasts the sky which is bright you
would bring the hue and saturation of
the sky to match the darkness of the
mountain. While colour correcting you
do have to keep in mind factors such as
not turning up the brightness or going to
low on the colour circle.
Digital colour correction
Here is an example of a before
and after using digital colour
correction. In these two images
we can clearly see the difference
between the saturation and hue,
with the after photo having more
murky depth than the original. It I
parallel to the background of the
image and goes with the theme
of this shot. This helps a
consistent look be achieved
throughout a scene.
This advert for the perfume ‘thank u next, by Ariana Grande is another example of
how colour correction can be used to appeal to a targeted audience. In the top photo
you can evidently grasp the exaggeration of the baby pink colour. By making this
colour stand out as the main attraction it is already clear it is targeted towards girls.
The packaging of the perfume is fitted inside a heartbreak ‘protector’ adding to the
meaning of the perfume ‘ thank u next’. The baby pink adds to the meaning of it
being a fruity floral Perfume filled with flirtatious femininity. Candied, fresh and
light.

Digital colour correction

 Pre-digital use of manual photomontage
and photographic collage in art and
advertising
photomontage is a combination of several shots
joined together for artistic effect or to show more of
the subject than can be shown in a single artwork. In
pre-photomontage photographs were created by
cutting, gluing, rearranging and overlapping two or
more photographs into a new image. This photo is
an example of pre-photomontage we can see three
pictures cut up and joined together that seamlessly
worked together to create one photo.
 Digital photo compositing
This means to combine two or more images to make a single picture. Digital
compositing is the process of digitally assembling multiple images to make a final
image, typically for print, motion pictures or screen display.
first step cut out the parts you'd like to combine After using selection tools to
isolate part of an image, the next stage is to improve the selection to make it as
perfect as possible
 Digital visual effects and
filters
Visual effects and filters are commonly used to help
the tampering of an image as they can be used to
augment an image, adding in items that were not in
the original photo taken. For example, as we can see
in this picture the background objects and in general
visual effects were not there in the original photo
taken. Noticeably the tiger in the final shot as well as
the ocean that it is set at.
Digital visual
effects and filters
In this example we can see the use of digital visual effects and filters . In this
case the effects used in the after shot is the levitation of captain marvel with
added powers that are used with lights. Another effect is thanos with changing
the human who portrays him into the character. Visually the background has
added dimension with it being galaxy like, a dark shaded purple around the
whole background but still being gloomy in colour .
Legal and ethical issues
Touching up pictures have become a huge dispute over the
years, as to the effect it causes on the targeted audience.
Manipulating the public into believing the final outcome of the
proposed product has caused outrage into making men and
women pressured to reach an unrealistic beauty standard. An
example, of this is , Rachel Weisz L'Oréal Paris advertisement.
The cosmetic company had caused issue leading the United
Kingdom's Advertising Standards Authority to ban a print ad for
Revitalift Clinical Repair 10.