Digital Image Manipulation

What is digital image

manipulation 
Image manipulation involves many
techniques using different methods. It
manipulates the audience to make an
image, or the photograph look more
appealing, mostly for advertising purposes
for magazines, posters and more.
Image manipulation past 
Imagine manipulation has been around since the 1900s when technology was
starting to become more advanced. And during this time there was limited
techniques used to change a photo or image. 

A photomontage is a series of individual photographs taken to create only

one image. There are many software and apps that have been more known
and used for this use such as adobe photoshop. Using this to create photos
gives an illusion because of how many photos have been put together to
make one. To create the image using photomontage it is created by cutting
and pasting the images onto one another. 

The image on the bottom gives an illusion that the woman is really small and
the man she is hold is really big compared to her.
Daguerreotype
Daguerreotype is another method used to create an image. It was
widely used during the 1840s and the 1850. This technique was
invented by louis daguerre and is a less expensive way of creating
an image. 

This process is a direct positive process which means no

negatives are made unlike the other process calotype. The process
involves polishing a sheet of silver plated copper to make the
surface sensitive to the light its being exposed to and expose it
towards the camera for not to long for it to become brighter or if
you do it for more longer it will be less intense lighting. This
method was mostly useful during this time to improve image
quality in newspapers and in posters that were being advertised to
make it more appealing.                                                                 
                                                                                                         
                                                     
                                                     
                                                     
Calotype 
Calotype is also called talbotype was invented by
william henry fox talbot in the 1830s. To use this
technique a sheet of plain paper coated with silver
chloride is exposed to a light in the camera, the areas hit
by the light then become dark in tone instead of light
how it was before. 

Using this method compares the negative things to the

positive things in the image which is why it contrasts
the light picture to the dark image. An advantage of
using this technique is that multiple of the same image
could be made. And at this time calotype was the most
simple photographic process. Until technology was
becoming more advanced. 
Colouring 
Reducing the intensity of the image colour decreases the
saturation. When mixing complementary colours that
contrast with each other it gives a less saturated colour.
Mixing any colour with white the colour becomes less
saturated. 

The three colour method was first suggested by james clerk

maxwell and this is the foundation of virtually all practical
colour processes whether it’s a chemical or electronic. This
method is based on the trichromatic theory that a human's
eye, contains three different colour receptors in the retina.
This means that each is more sensitive to a certain colour
red, blue and green. 
Dodge and burn
This method is a more modern technique compared to
the calotype and daguerreotype process which is used to
fix exposure issues in a photo. It manipulates an area in a selected
place in the image. 

To do this process you have to create the first layer which is the
dodge layer. Then after you then create your burn layer along with
a black and which adjustment layer. After this is when you start
dodging and burning with the image which will then leave you
with a better quality image. Dodging and burning are both
separate things that are old techniques. They were created in the
darkroom days. Dodging is brightening parts in the image and
burning is the opposite which is darkening parts in the
photograph. 
Airbrushing 
Airbrushing is any retouching that has been done to a
photo that changes the photo to become less realistic than
it did before. This technique can be used to remove people
or an object, making skin look smoother, changing the
body shape and any other way of manipulation to change
the image.

This method involves adding a soluble iodide to the

solution then after coating it on a glass negative plate.
After all of these steps the wet plate is then exposed in the
camera. This method was used so that retouching would
be less skill and be better than doing it a manual way. In
modern days to do this we have more advanced
technology and use apps like photoshop to do this.
Creative digital
manipulation
techniques 

Some digital manipulation techniques

include, digital photo-compositing,
visual effects and filters, pre digital use
of manual photomontage, and legal and
ethical issues.

These are more modern ways to change

an image other than the old methods that
have been used because not many people
used them during this time. 
Digital Blemish Removal
Technique  Digital blemish removal techniques include uses in
fashion and beauty. This technique is carried out
through the use of photoshop.  
This process is retouching an image on a computer.
This is created on soft wares such as adobe photoshop
and more. By taking an image and using the tool 'spot
healing brush' it removes all spots and
winkles from the face which a lot of people use to
make them look younger. 

This technique is mainly used in the fashion industry

associated with beauty and to give the audience an
unrealistic idea of what we are meant to look like to
influence others to try and look the same.
Digital Colour Correction
Techniques 
Colour correction is a process used in staged lighting,
photography, films and many more media related
features, which uses a lot of the time filters to overlap
the overall colour of the light to help it stand out
more to the auidence. This process is used to fix the
colour issues and makes the image appear naturalistic
as possible. It gives the audience an idea of what
humans would see in real life. Using this method, it
corrects all the problems and balances out the colours
to make sure it is all even.
Pre-digital use of manual
photomontage and
photographic collage in art
and advertising 
Photomontage is used to manipulate the image.
Photomontage is a collection of multiple shots
that is put together to create an artistic effect and
so more is put in the image. These images are
made by cutting, gluing and re arranging and
overlapping photos on one another to make it look
more abstract. One of the most famous
photomontages was made during the mid-
victorian times which was created by oscar
rejlaqnder who created a 'combination printing'. 
Digital photo-
compositing 
Digital compositing is the process of digitally assembling
multiple images to make a final image, typically for print,
motion pictures or screen display. It is the digital analogue
of optical film compositing which makes the image give an
effect to visualise the motion of the image moving.

This is an easy way of creating the image. It is use because

it blends the photos that are exposed to shadows. It
increases the sharpness of the image when you combine all
the images together. 
Digital visual
effects and filters  
Digital visual is created to manipulate the scenary
into becoming something it is not. For example, in the
movie avatar in the top image we see a guy on the left
which technical gear on and then on the right we see
an animated version of him as something he is not.
This is created through visual effects as he is edited
along with the background. This made with the
computer-generated imagery to make it look more
realistic.
Legal and ethical
issues
Legal and ethical issues have many issues as it advertises
images that are fake/ false advertising as they manipulate the
image into looking like something it is not. It creates
unrealistic expectations in society especially in the fashion
industries. As we can see in the bottom photo they make her
look skinner and more younger and also make her hair look
more vibrant which is not how she actually looks to
influence other people to think they have to look this way.   

In terms of how effective this is for the audience it is not that

much effective because it is very obvious at the changes that
where made. They use the blemish remove effect to make
the skin look more smoother and clear, also less younger as
we can see in the top photo. They also edited her make up to
make her look more flawless and brightened her skin tone
along with her hair which is'nt very natural.