14 Feb 2017

Transformer tests & Thickness of Core Leg

Dr. Irfan Ullah

Assistant Professor
Electrical Engineering Department
University of Management and technology

Electrical Machine Design EE424

Contents

1. Transformer tests
2. Volts per turn
3. Thickness of core leg
4. Example 2.1
Transformer tests

According to IEC 60076-1 standard

• Type tests
• Routine tests
• Special tests
Type tests
1) Temperature Rise Test IEC 60076-2 Distribution of bound charge on the ground
verify guaranteed temperature rises for oil and
windings
2) Lightning Impulse Test IEC 60076-3
higher voltage greater than 72.5 kV
Routine Tests

1) Winding resistance (IEC 60076-1)

Using DC current
2) Voltage Ratio (IEC 60076-1)
Compared with guaranteed voltage
3) Impedance Voltage (IEC 60076-1)
Reference temperature of 75°C.
4) Load Loss
secondary winding short-circuited and by increasing the voltage of the primary winding until the current of the
primary winding reaches its nominal value
5) No-Load Current and No-Load Losses
rated voltage and rated frequency are applied to one winding (e.g., secondary) and the other winding (e.g.,
primary) is open-circuited.
6) Dielectric Routine Tests
Special Tests

1) Determination of capacitances of windings-to-earth and between

windings
Capacitance occurs in transformers due to the physical proximity of, and electrostatic coupling between, different
turns of wire. In general, the capacitance is distributed between the different layers within a winding, and between
the outside layer of one winding and the inside layer of the next.

2) Short-Circuit Withstand Test

3) Determination of Sound Levels
Magnetostriction is a property of ferromagnetic materials which causes them to expand or contract in response to a
magnetic field

4) Measurement of the harmonics of the no-load current

at no load the transformer draw some current (Im) in order to establish the flux in transformer core

5) Measurement of insulation resistance

6) Radio interference voltage
Calculation of Volts per Turn

Volts per turn

  𝑉 𝑃𝐿𝑉
𝑉𝑃𝑇 =
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝐿𝑉

For Y connection
  𝐿= √ 3𝑉 𝑃
𝑉

For Δ connection
  𝐿=𝑉 𝑃
𝑉
Phase and line voltage
Calculation of Thickness of Core Leg

  linkage in winding
•Flux

Time rate of change of these flux ∵

    φ=φ𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑡

Induced emf
Calculation of Thickness of Core Leg

Maximum flux
  𝑚 𝑎𝑥 =𝐹𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥   ⋅ 𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓
φ

Effective cross sectional area

 

Thickness of core
  𝑉𝑃𝑇 Thickness of core leg
𝐸 𝑢=
8.88  ⋅𝐶𝑆𝐹 ⋅ 𝐷⋅ 𝐹𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ⋅𝑓
Example 2.1

It is desired to design a 630 kVA distribution transformer having the input

data shown in Tables 2.6 to 2.12. Compute the volts per turn and thickness of
the core leg.

  𝑃 𝑉 𝑙𝐿𝑉   𝑉𝑃𝑇
𝑉 𝐿𝑉 = 𝐸 𝑢=
√3 8.88  ⋅𝐶𝑆𝐹 ⋅ 𝐷⋅ 𝐹𝐷 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ⋅𝑓

  𝑉 𝑃𝐿𝑉
𝑉𝑃𝑇 =
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝐿𝑉
 Values for the 630 kVA transformer

# Symbol Value Unit Description # Symbol Value Unit Description

  csHV     Number of iterations for calculation of the
1 f 50 Hz Frequency
1 1 - cross- section area of the HV conductor
2 HVCC D - Connection of HV winding   csLV     Number of iterations for calculation of the
2 1 - cross- section area of the LV conductor
3 LVCC Y - Connection of LV winding
3 D 220 mm Width of core leg
4 Sn 630 kVA Rated power 4 FDmax 17000 Gauss Magnetic induction
5 VHVl ,1 20000 V First rated line voltage of HV winding 5 G 261 mm Height of core window
6 nD 1 - Number of iterations for the width of core leg
6 VHVl ,2 6600 V Second rated line voltage of HV 7 nFD 1 - Number of iterations for the magnetic induction
winding 8 nG 1 - Number of iterations for the height of core
7  
400 V Rated line voltage of LV winding window
VLVl 9 nLV 1 - Number of iterations for the number of LV turns
10 SNLLTF 1.87 W/kg Specific no-load loss
11 turnsLV 15 - Number of turns of LV winding
Values for the 630 kVA transformer
# Symbol Value Unit Description
1 BILHV 125 kV Basic insulation level of HV winding
2 BILLV 10 kV Basic insulation level of LV winding
3 CSF 0.965 - Core stacking factor
4 gCP 9.87 kg/m2 Weight per unit area of corrugated panels

5 gDS 1.25 kg/m3 Mass density of duct strips

6 gHV 8856 kg/m3 Mass density of HV winding
7 gLV 8856 kg/m3 Mass density of LV winding
8 gMM 7650 kg/m3 Mass density of magnetic steel
9 gO 870 kg/m3 Mass density of mineral oil
10 LDSPHV 1 - Layer direction space factor of HV winding

11 LDSPLV 0.909 - Layer direction space factor of LV winding

12 ta , max 45 °C Maximum ambient temperature

13 TDSPHV 0.98 - Turns direction space factor of HV winding

14 TDSPLV 1 - Turns direction space factor of LV winding

15 to , max 100 °C Maximum oil temperature

16 tw , max 105 °C Maximum winding temperature
17 rHV 0.020968 W× mm2 / m Resistivity of HV winding
18 rLV 0.020968 W× mm2 / m Resistivity of LV winding
Discussion

Thanks
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