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RECOGNITION
APA DEFENISI
SHOCK ?
SHOCK APAKAH
INI ?
BAGAIMANA
PENANGANAN ?
APA SAJA YANG PERLU
KITA PERIKSA ?
BAGAIMANA MAKRO
DYNAMIK?
CUKUPKAH
TENSI ?
APAKAH INI CUKUP
BAGUS ?????
APAKAH INI CUKUP
BAGUS ?????
PASIEN KRITIS
Historical perspective on heart function: the Frank–Starling Law. Biophysical Reviews · November 2015
Lara
Lara Shekerdemian,
Shekerdemian, Desmond
Desmond Bohn.
Bohn. Cardiovascular
Cardiovascular effects
effects of
of mechanical
mechanical ventilation.
ventilation. Arch
Arch Dis
Dis Child
Child 1999;80:475–480
1999;80:475–480
6 Key steps in oxygen cascade
O2
Uptake in the Lung Oxygenation PaO2
CaO2
Carrying capacity Haemoglobin SaO2 DO2
ATP = energy
Oxygen delivery (DO 2 ) : the supply of oxygen
per unit of time to a tissue, organ or the entire
body.
Oxygen consumption ( 2 V O ) : the oxygen
utilized per unit of time by a tissue, organ or
the entire body.
Oxygen extraction (O 2 ER) : the fraction of
the oxygen delivered in the blood that is
actually
utilized or consumed by a tissue, organ or
entire patient.
SHOCK
CRITICAL ILL PATIENT
Imbalance oxygen delivery (DO2) and oxygen demand
(VO2).
BAHAYA
O2 UPTAKE (VO2) to O2 SUPPLY (DO2) RELATIONSHIP
Normal relationship
Pathologic condition
VO2 ↑ ; catabolic state, sepsis, increased
muscle activity, awakening, hyperthermia,
shivering, inotrope excess, etc.
300
VO2 tidak tergantung DO2
200
Oxygen
uptake Setiap penurunan
i a
x mempengaruhi
DO2VO; ↓2 Hb, ↓ SaO
↓ ; rest, 2 atau ↓control
sedation, CO,
(VO2) 100 tidak akan
s o uptake Ohypothermia
ventilation, 2 dari sel, hal
y
iniDdisebabkan sel-sel mempunyai kemampuan
= O 2meningkatkan ekstraksi O
k
c ung D 2
ho n t ↓ Critical DO2
S erg a Critical DO2
t
VO
2
↑ Critical DO2
a te d
s oc i
s a s l i t y
O i o r ta
S c v 2
e m
gh a s
Hi i nc re
w i t h
“High central venous oxygen saturation in the latter stages of septic shock is associated with
increased mortality.” Textoris et al. Critical Care 2011, 15:R176.
Lactate vs ScVO2%
From: Lactate Clearance vs
Central Venous Oxygen
Saturation as Goals of
Early Sepsis Therapy: A
Randomized Clinical Trial
JAMA. 2010;303(8):739-
746.
e e n
doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1
b etw
58
re nt O
d i ffe Sc v 2
nt l y a n d
i fi ca a n c e
s ig n l e a r
No ctate c
La
Oxygen Delivery
DO2 = Q x CaO2
Jadi, jika:
Hb = Hemoglobin (14 g/dl)
SaO2 = Arterial Saturation (98 % = 0.98)
PaO2 = Arterial PO2 (100 mmHg)
Oxygen Content (2)
Oxygen Uptake:
VO2 = Q x (CaO2 - CvO2)
VO2 = Q x [(1.34 x Hb) x (SaO2 - SvO2) x 10]
VO2 = 2.1 x [16.06 x 0.4 x 10] = 134 ml O2/min/m2
Extraction Ratio (1)
Pertanyaan:
• Oximetric Swan
– Two wavelength systems
– Three wavelength systems
• Pengukuran langsung:
– Sampel darah diambil dari PA cath distal, dan dianalisa dengan mesin
Analisa Gas Darah (AGD)
– Sampel darah diambil dari lumen distal kateter vena sentral (CVC) dan
dianalisa dengan mesin AGD
Berapa nilai normal SvO2 ?
O2ER ↑
Celular hypoxic sensing
Imbalance
Early compensatory response;
1. Sympathetic: ↑CO ↑SV & ↑HR
DO2/VO2
2. Brain stem: ↑PaO2O 2ER = 25%
tachypnea Anaerobic
3. Celluler: ↑O2ER = 50% Metabolism;
↑lactate
Lactate ↑
DO2 ↓ SvO2 ↓
If the compensatory
fail to compensate
SvO2 ↓ 50% O2 return
↓ 500
Organ failure and
Septic Shock
O2 is available but
cells are unable to extract oxygen
Dysoxia
Cellular/Mitochondrial
O2ER = 10%
dysfunction
SvO2
DO2 n/↑ 90%
• Increases in SvO2 combined with rising lactate levels indicate tissues are
unable to extract oxygen
• This can be seen in such things as septic shock, cyanide toxicity,
carbon monoxide, methemoglobin. Might also indicate hypothermia,
shunt, inotrope excess, etc.
DO2/VO2 IMBALANCE ANEROBIC
METABOLIM PRODUCE LACTATE
58
Kesimpulan
1. SHOCK MERUPAKAN IMBALANCE DO2 dan VO2
2. PERLU UNTUK MELAKUKAN PENGUKURAN MAKRO
DAN MIKRO DYNAMIK
3. CARA EFEKTIF MENGATASI SHOCK ADALAH DENGAN
MENURUNKAN DEMAND OXYGEN DAN
MEMAKSIMALKAN DELIVERY
4. SOURCE CONTROL MERUPAKAN CARA DEFINITE
UNTUK MENGATASI SHOCK