Conti.

Lecture 7
CRITICAL RADIUS OF INSULATION
• The thicker the insulation, the lower the heat
transfer rate. This is expected, since the heat
transfer area A is constant, and
• adding insulation always increases the thermal
resistance of the wall without increasing the
convection resistance.
• Consider a cylindrical pipe of outer radius r1 whose outer
surface temperature T1 is maintained constant.
• The pipe is now insulated with a material whose thermal
conductivity is k and outer radius is r2.
• Heat is lost from the pipe to the surrounding medium at
temperature T, with a convection heat transfer coefficient
h.
• The rate of heat transfer from the insulated pipe to the
surrounding air can be expressed as
 The variation of Q
• The value of r2 at which Q reaches a maximum is determined from
the requirement that dQ/dr2=0 (zero slope).
• Performing the differentiation and solving for r2 yields the critical
radius of insulation for a cylindrical body to be

The rate of heat transfer from the cylinder

increases with the addition of insulation for r2˂
rcr, reaches a maximum when r2=rcr, and starts
to decrease for r2 ˃ rcr.

Thus, insulating the pipe may actually increase

the rate of heat transfer from the pipe instead of
decreasing it when r2 ˂ rcr.
EXAMPLE 3–9
 Solve problems
• 3-86C
• 3-87C
• 3-88
• 3-89
Lecture 8 : TRANSIENT HEAT
CONDUCTION
LUMPED SYSTEM ANALYSIS
 TRANSIENT HEAT TRANSFER
• The temperature of a body, in general, varies with time as
well as position. In rectangular coordinates, this variation
is expressed as
• T(x, y, z, t), where (x, y, z) indicates variation in the x, y,
and z directions, respectively, and t indicates variation
with time.
 TRANSIENT HEAT TRANSFER-types
• lumped systems in which the temperature of a
solid varies with time but remains uniform
throughout the solid at any time.
• 1D: The variation of temperature with time as well
as position for one-dimensional heat conduction
problems (i.e. large plane wall, a long cylinder.)
• Transient heat conduction in multidimensional
systems
 LUMPED SYSTEM
Some bodies are observed to
behave like a “lump” whose
interior temperature remains
essentially uniform at all times
during a heat transfer process.
The temperature of such bodies
can be taken to be a function of
time only, T(t).
• Consider a body of arbitrary shape of mass m, volume V, surface
area A, Density , and specific heat Cp initially at a uniform
temperature Ti
• At time t 0, the body is placed into a medium at temperature T,
and heat transfer takes place between the body and its
environment, with a heat transfer coefficient h.
• For the sake of discussion, we will assume that T͚ › Ti, but the
analysis is equally valid for the opposite case.
Criterion for Lumped System Analysis
• Note that the Biot number is the ratio of the convection at the
surface to conduction within the body, and this number
should be as small as possible for lumped system analysis to
be applicable.
• Therefore, small bodies with high thermal conductivity are
good candidates for lumped system analysis,
TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION IN LARGE
PLANE WALLS
Note that the temperature at the center of the wall remains at Ti until t
= t2, and that the temperature profile within the wall remains
symmetric at all times about the center plane. The temperature profile
gets flatter and flatter as time passes as a result of heat transfer, and
eventually becomes uniform at T = Ta That is, the wall reaches thermal
equilibrium with its surroundings. At that point, the heat transfer stops
since there is no longer a temperature difference. Similar discussions
can be given for the long cylinder or sphere.
 Task
• 4–1C
• 4–2C
• 4–9C
• 4–14
• 4–17
• 4–18