Group 5

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

Firli Isnainiah Fadilah Dessi A

20181111014 20181111015
 WHEN DO YOU USE AN EXPERIMENT?

You use an experiment when you want to establish possible cause

and effect between your independent and dependent variables. You
use an experiment when you want to establish possible cause and
effect between your independent and dependent variables. we can
say the independent variable "caused" or "probably caused" the
dependent variable. Because experiments are controlled, they are
the best of the quantitative designs to use to establish probable
cause and effect.
WHAT ARE KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERIMENTS?

1. Random 2. Control over 3. Manipulation of the

assignment extraneous variables treatment conditions

4. Outcome measures 5. Group comparisons 6. Threats to validity

 1. Random assignment

Random assignment is the process of assigning

individuals at random to groups or to different groups in
an experiment. The random assignment of individuals to
groups (or conditions within a group) distinguishes a
rigorous, "true" experiment from an adequate but less-
than-rigorous "quasi experiment" (to be discussed later in
the chapter).
 2. Control over extraneous variables
Control over Extraneous Variables In randomly assigning
individuals, we say that we are controlling for extraneous
variables that might influence the relationship between the new
practice and the outcome.

Pretests and Covariates Matching of Homogeneous Blocking Variables

Posttests
A pretest provides a measure on some
attribute or characteristic that you
assess for participants in an
experiment before they receive a
treatment. A posttest is a measure on
some attribute or characteristic that is
assessed for participants in an
experiment after a treatment.
Participants Samples
Covariates are variables
that the researcher controls
Matching is the process of homogeneous samples A blocking
identifying one or more personal by selecting people who
for using statistics and that
characteristics that influence the variable is a
relate to the dependent vary little in their
outcome and assigning variable the
variable but that do not
individuals with that personal characteristics.
relate to the independent
characteristic equally to the
researcher controls
variable
experimental and control before the
groups. experiment starts
3. Manipulation of the treatment conditions
the procedure would be the following:

Treatment Variabel Conditions Intervening in the

These variables influence or
affect the dependent
variables in a quantitative
study.
In experiments, treatment Treatment Conditions
variables need to have two
or more categories, or levels.
In an experiment, levels are
categories of a treatment
variable.
 4. Outcome measures 5. Group comparisons
In all experimental situations, you assess whether a A group comparison is the process of a
treatment condition influences an outcome or a researcher obtaining scores for individuals or
dependent variable, such as a reduced rate of smoking groups on the dependent variable and
or achievement on tests. In experiments, the outcome comparing the means and variance both
(or response, criterion, or posttest) is the dependent within the group and between the groups.
variable that is the presumed effect of the treatment
variable. It is also the effect predicted in a hypothesis
in the cause-and-effect equation. Examples of
dependent variables in experiments might be the
following:
• Achievement scores on a criterion-referenced test
• Test scores on an aptitude test
6. Threats to validity
Threats to validity refer to specific reasons for why we can be wrong when we make an inference in an
experiment because of covariance, causation constructs, or whether the causal relationship holds over
variations in persons, setting, treatments, and outcomes. Four types of validity that Shadish et al.
discuss are the following:

Statistical conclusion Internal validity

validity

Construct validity External validity

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGNS?
Between-group designs
1. True experiments (pre- and posttest,
posttest only)
2. Quasi experiments (pre- and
posttest, posttest only)
3. Factorial designs
Within-group or individual designs
1. Time-series experiments (interrupted,
equivalent)
2. Repeated-measures experiments
3. Single-subject experiments
 Between-group designs
● True Experiments
True experiments comprise the most rigorous and strong
experimental designs because of equating the groups through
random assignment.
● Quasi Experiments
Quasi experiments include assignment (but not random
assignment) of participants to groups.
● Factorial Designs
Factorial Designs In some experimental situations, it is not enough
to know the effect of a single treatment on an outcome. several
treatments may, in fact, provide a better explanation for the
outcome.
 Within-group or individual designs
● Time Series
A time-series design consists of studying one group, over time, with multiple
pretest and posttest measures or observations made by the researcher.
● Repeated Measures
In a repeated-measures design, all participants in a single group participate in
all experimental treatments, with each group becoming its own control.
● Single-Subject Designs
Single-subject research involves the study of a single individual, a dyad, or a
group; observation over a baseline period; and the administration of an
intervention, followed by another observation after the intervention to
determine if the treatment affects the outcome.
WHAT ARE POTENTIAL ETHICAL ISSUES
IN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH?

In some cases, withholding treatment may be wise, such as if

resources are scarce or the harmful effects of the treatment are
not known at the time of the experiment. Numerous strategies
exist for countering this potential ethical issue, such as giving
treatments after the experiment concludes, giving all participants
some level of the beneficial treatment, or offering the beneficial
treatment to the control group after the experiment concludes
WHAT ARE THE STEPS IN ● Step 1. Decide if an Experiment Addresses

CONDUCTING Your Research Problem

● Step 2. Form Hypotheses to Test Cause-and-
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH?
Effect Relationships
● Step 3. Select an Experimental Unit and
Identify Study Participants
● Step 4. Select an Experimental Treatment and
Introduce It
● Step 5. Choose a Type of Experimental Design
● Step 6. Conduct the Experiment
● Step 7. Organize and Analyze the Data
● Step 8. Develop an Experimental Research
Report
Thank You!