FLUIDS

BY YASMIN U. GUBAT
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
Fluids are materials that can flow and have no
definite shape of their own.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
Pressure is the perpendicular component of the force
divided by the surface area to which it is applied,
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
Some Typical Pressures

Location Pressure (kPa)

The center of Earth
The deepest ocean trench
Standard atmosphere
Blood Pressure
Air Pressure on top of Mt. Everest
The best vacuum
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 1
 
Calculating Pressure


A child weighs 364 N and sits on a three-legged stool, which

weighs 42 N, The bottoms of the stool’s legs touch the ground
over a total area of 19.3 .
a) What is the average pressure that the child and the stool exert
on the ground?
b) How does the pressure change when the child leans over so
that only two legs of the stool touch the floor?
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
 
The Gas Laws


Combining Boyle’s law and Charle’s law relates the pressure,

times the volume, divided by the Kelvin temperature, and
volume of a fixed amount of ideal gas which leads to the
combined gas law.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
 
The Gas Laws


For an ideal gas, the pressure times the volume is equal to the
number of moles times the constant R times the temperature.

Note that with the given value of R=8.31 Pa., volume must be
expressed in cubic meters, temperature in kelvin, and pressure
in Pascal.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2
Gas Laws
A 20.0L sample of argon gas at 273 K is at atmospheric pressure
(101.3 kPa). The temperature is lowered to 120 K, and the
pressure is increased to 145 kPa.
a) What is the new volume of the argon sample?
b) Find the number of moles of argon atoms in the argon
sample.
c) Find the mass of the argon sample. The molar mass (M) of
argon is 39.9 g/mol.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
 
Thermal

Expansion
It is a property of all forms of matter that causes the matter to
expand, becoming less dense, when heated. eg. Convection currents.

Because matter expands as it is heated, you might predict the ice

would be more dense than water, and therefore, it should sink.
However, when water is heated from 0 to 4, instead of expanding, it
contracts as the forces between particles increase and the ice
crystals collapse.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
Plasma
It is the gaslike state of matter of negatively charge electrons
and positively charged ions.
FORCES WITHIN LIQUIDS
Cohesive forces are the forces of attraction that like particles
exert on one another.
Adhesive forces are attractive forces that act between particles
of different substances.
FLUIDS AT REST AND IN MOTION
 
Pascal’s Principle


The pressure at a point in a fluid depends on its depth in the

fluid and is unrelated to the shape of the fluid’s container.
Pressure is transmitted without change throughout a fluid, so
pressure is equal in value to
FLUIDS AT REST AND IN MOTION
 
Force exerted by a hydraulic Lift


The force exerted by the second piston is equal to the force

exerted by the first piston multiplied by the ratio of the area of
the second piston.

Pressure of Fluid on a body

The pressure a column of fluid exerts on a body is equal to the
density of the fluid times the height of the column times the
free-fall acceleration.
FLUIDS AT REST AND IN MOTION
 
The buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the


fluid displaced by the object, which is equal to the density of the

fluid in which the object is immersed multiplied by the object’s
volume and the free-fall acceleration.

Archimedes’ principle states that an object immersed in a fluid

has an upward force on it that is equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the object.
FLUIDS AT REST AND IN MOTION
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 3
 
Archimedes’ Principle


A cubic decimeter () of a granite building block is submerged in

water. The density of granite is .
a) What is the magnitude of the buoyant force acting on the
block?
b) What is the net force on the block?
THERMAL EXPANSION OF SOLIDS
 
Coefficient of Linear Expansion


It is equal to the change in length divided by the original length

and the change in temperature.

Coefficient of Volume Expansion

THERMAL EXPANSION OF SOLIDS
 
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion at 20


Material Coefficient of linear Coefficient of Volume of

expansion, expansion,
Aluminum
Aluminum
Glass
Glass (soft)
(soft)
Concrete
Concrete
Copper
Copper
Methanol Not applicable
Methanol Not applicable
Gasoline Not applicable
Gasoline
Water Not
Not applicable
applicable
Water Not applicable
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 4
 
Linear Expansion


A metal bar is 1.60 m long at room temperature (21). The bar is

put into an oven and heated to a temperature of 84It is then
measured and found to be 1.7 mm longer. What is the
coefficient of linear expansion of this material?
QUIZ!
1. Which one of the following items does no contain matter in the
plasma state?
a. neon lighting b. Stars
c. lightning d. incandescent lightning
2. Which of the following has much strongest cohesive forces?
a. water b. Methanol c. mercury
3. The weight of the soda can is 0.98 N, the same as the weight of
the water displaced. What is the net force on the soda can?
a. 0.98 N down b. no net force c. 0.98 up
QUIZ!
 
4. The surface area of the block is decreases from 190 to 185 .


What will happen to the pressure of the block?

a. increases b. decreases c. stays the same
5. What temperature does the water is most dense at?
a. K b. 0 c. 4
QUIZ!
 
6. Which of the following does not affect the pressure of fluid


on a body?
a. Density b. Depth c. Mass d. g-acceleration
7. Which of the following is not fluid?
b. b. plasma c. neon d. Au
8. Which of the following is the value of absolute zero in
charle’s law?
a. 0 b. 0 c. 0 K d. -273 K
QUIZ!
9. What produces the upward force that allows you to swim?
a. gravity b. buoyant force c. pressure
10. When the temperate of a liquid is lowered, the average
kinetic energy of particles __________.
a. decreases b. increases c. stays the same
QUIZ!
1)  The atmospheric pressure at sea level is about Pa. What is the force at sea level


that air exerts on the top of a desk that is 152 cm long and 76 cm wide?
2) A tank of helium gas used to inflate toy balloons is at a pressure of Pa and a
temperature of 293 K. The tank’s volume is 0.020 .
a) How large a balloon would it fill at 1.00 atmosphere and 323K.
b) What is the mass of the helium gas in previous problem? The molar mass of
helium gas is 4.00 g/mol.
3) A girl is floating in a freshwater lake with her head just above the water. If she
weighs 610 N, what is the volume of the submerged part of her body?
4) A piece of steel is 11.5 cm long at 22 It is heated to 1221, close to its melting
temperature. How long is it