“By awesome deeds you answer us

with righteousness, O God of

salvation, the hope of all the ends of
the earth and of the farthest seas.”
Psalms 65:5

Pumps, Pipes and

Fittings
Introduction to Pumps
 Introduction
Pumps play a significant role in the production process and are indispensable
for smooth operations. Therefore, buying a suitable high-efficiency pump
requires a thorough understanding of its parts as well, so that one can buy the
pump best suited to their needs.
A wide range of processes and applications require the use of pumps for
their operations in various industries.
They can also be used in commercial and domestic applications.  A great
variety of high-pressure pumps are available in different sizes, designs, and
features. 
Introduction

Pump -is a machine or mechanical equipment which

is required to lift liquid from low level to high level or
to flow liquid from low pressure area to high pressure
area or as a booster in a piping network system.
Classification of Pumps
Pumps may be classified on the basis of the applications they serve,
the materials from which they are constructed, the liquids they
handle, and even their orientation in space.
Dynamic (Centrifugal) Pumps – Energy is continuously added to
increase the fluid velocities within the machine.
Positive Displacement Pumps – Energy is periodically added by
application of force to one or more movable boundaries of enclosed,
fluid-containing volumes.
Classification of Pumps
Parts of the pumps
Classification of Pumps: Dynamic
(Centrifugal) Pumps
Dynamic pumps uses centrifugal
force to develop velocity in the
liquid being handled.
The velocity is then converted
to pressure.
As kinetic energy is decreased,
pressure is increased. This
pressure difference drives the
fluid through the system or plant.
Classification of Pumps: Dynamic
(Centrifugal) Pumps
Dynamic (Centrifugal) pumps
use a rotating impeller to create
a vacuum in order to move fluid.
The pump’s impeller rotates
within the housing and reduces
pressure at the inlet. This motion
then drives fluid to the outside of
the pump’s housing, which
increases the pressure enough to
send it out the discharge.
Classification of Pumps: Dynamic
(Centrifugal) Pumps
Classification of Pumps: Dynamic
(Centrifugal) Pumps
Dynamic (Centrifugal) pumps are the most common pump
type for the transfer of low viscosity fluids in high flow rate,
low pressure installations, which makes them ideal for
applications that require the pump to deal with large
volumes.
The centrifugal pump design is often associated with the
transfer of water, but is also a popular solution for handling
thin fuels and chemicals.
Classification of Pumps: Positive
Displacement Pump
Positive displacement
pumps use the reciprocating
motion of pistons, plungers, or
diaphragms to move the liquid
through the pump. 
The discharge from
reciprocating pumps is in
pulses rather than a smooth
flow of liquid.
 Classification of Pumps: Positive
Displacement Pump
Positive displacement pumps are
characterized by an operation that moves
fluid by trapping a fixed volume, usually in
a cavity, and then forces that trapped
fluid into the discharge pipe.
Positive displacement pumps are usually
selected for their ability to handle high
viscosity fluids at high pressures and
relatively low flows as their efficiency isn’t
affected by pressure.
 Classification of Pumps: Positive
Displacement Pump
Positive displacement pumps are able to handle
variations in pressure, flow and viscosity and
remain efficient, unlike centrifugal pumps which
do not operate well off the center of their curve.
As their flow rate remains constant
(proportional to the speed of operation), smooth
and low pulsating despite changes in the
pressure, positive displacement pumps such as
peristaltic, piston and diaphragm pumps are
ideal solutions for dosing applications as it allows
accurate metering to be carried out.
Classification of Pumps: Positive
Displacement Pump
Parts of the pumps
Casing: A casing can be explained
as a shell, cover or a housing
which protects and supports
most of the components.
In pumps, the casing is basically
used to seal it to prevent leakage
and sometimes retain pressure.
It is also used to support some
of the key parts such as shafts,
bearings, etc.
Parts of the pumps
Impellers: An impeller is a
rotating component in a
centrifugal pump which is
equipped with vanes or blades
that rotate and moves the fluid in
a pump.
These vanes or blades are
coupled to a shaft. When the
impeller rotates, it converts the
energy derived from a source i.e.
motor to induce flow of the fluid.
There are two types of impeller: 
Axial flow impeller and Radial flow impeller.
Axial impeller, fluid moves axially to the shaft. Axial
impellers are generally used for high flow and very low-
pressure applications.
Radial impellers are often used in multi- stage split case
centrifugal pumps. In radial flow impeller, fluid moves
perpendicularly to the shaft.  
Categories of Impeller
 Impellers are categorized into open and closed
impellers.
An open impeller has only one shroud and the
vanes are exposed on the other side.
A closed impeller, often called a double
shrouded impeller, has a shroud on both sides of
the vanes.
Categories of Impeller
Open impellers are generally only used for single stage, end
suction centrifugal pumps, whereas double shrouded impellers
are used on side or top ported multistage centrifugal pumps.
Closed impellers are available in single suction or double
suction impeller designs. Impellers in industrial
grade centrifugal pumps are generally made of steel or
stainless steel. Some lower grade pumps will have
brass/bronze material or some sort of plastic.  
Classification of Impellers by type of
suction
Impellers are classified according on the basis of their
suction type:
In a single-suction impeller liquid enters the center of
the blades from only one direction.
In a double-suction impeller liquid enters the
center of the impeller blades from both sides
simultaneously. 
Parts of the pumps
Couplers: A coupler is a device
which connects or links two
pieces of rotating equipment,
such as a pump or and a motor
or gearbox.
The primary function of the
coupler is to transmit power
from the drive equipment to the
driven equipment.
Couplers
Most couplers, particularly on high powered systems, are
also made to allow for slight angular and parallel
misalignment and movement as the equipment operates.
Flexible couplings can come in many different styles and
sizes. Some require lubricant, such as grease, and others are
designed to run dry. All feature some sort of flexible metal
disc, rubber insert, spring or a set of gears that provide the
movement required.  
Parts of the pumps
Electric Motor Drive: An
electromechanical device used to
change electrical into mechanical
energy.
To be Continued…