Miscellaneous Materials

Miscellaneous Materials
 Miscellaneous Materials
– Lime
– Rubber
– Asbestos
 Paving Materials
– Asphalt
– Bitumen
 Insulating Materials
– Heat insulations
– Acoustics materials
– Water proofing Materials

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Lime
 Lime
 CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
 Lime as cementing material, used
extensively in palaces, forts, temples,
bridges etc
 Lime has better workability, plasticity,
durability and less shrinkage on drying
 Slow setting may be corrected by
adding 5 to 20% cement
 Lime is cheaper and locally available

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 Varieties of Lime
 Stone lime: Almost pure lime
obtained from limestone.
 Kankar lime: Impure lime obtained
from kankars dug from underground
 Shell lime: very pure lime obtained
from sea shells and corals
 Magnesium lime: manufactured from
dolomite and contains more than 5%
magnesia
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 Definitions
 Quick lime (CaO) lime obtained after
calcinations of limestone. Also called
caustic lime
 Fat lime: high CaO component, sets
and hardens by absorbing CO2 from air
 Hydraulic lime: contains small
quantities of silica, alumina, iron oxide
with CaO. Sets and hardens under
water

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 Definitions
 Hydrated lime: When quick lime is
finely crushed, slaked with a minimum
amount of water, and screened or
ground to form a fine homogeneous
powder the product is called hydrated
lime.
 Lump lime: quick lime coming out of
kilns
 Milk lime: thin pour able solution of
slaked lime in water
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 Classification

Lime

Lean, Poor Hydraulic Pure, Rich, Fat

Feebly
Fat Lime
Hydraulic
Moderately Magnesium
Hydraulic Lime
Eminently Dolomitic
Hydraulic Lime

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 Classification
 Pure, Rich or Fat Lime
– High CaO content (up to 93%)
– Impurities less than 5%
– Absorbs atmospheric CO2 for setting
– Slaking is vigorous and volume increases
2 to 3 times
– Slow in setting and hardening
– Used for plastering and white washing

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 Classification
 Poor or Lean Lime
– Impurities more than 5%
– Absorbs atmospheric CO2 for setting
– Slaking requires more time
– Makes a paste with water
– Color varies from yellow to grey
– Used for plaster and lime mortar

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 Classification
 Hydraulic Lime
– Sets under water also
– Feebly hydraulic lime: <15% alumina and
silica. Slow slaking with low volume
increase. Setting time is 21 days.
– Moderately hydraulic lime: 15 to 20%
alumina and silica. Slakes sluggishly after
1 to 2 hours. Setting time is 7 days.
– Eminently hydraulic lime: 20 to 30%
alumina and silica. Slakes with difficulty.
Setting time is 2 to 48 hours.

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Rubber
 Rubber
 Essentially an elastic material
obtained both as natural and
synthetic material
 Natural rubber – present as an
emulsion in the latex (milky colloidal
fluid) and get from trunks of certain
plants.
 Synthetic rubber – obtained from
petroleum, coal tar and alcohol
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  Reclaimed Rubber
 Rubber waste and worn out rubber treated, and
recycled for reuse
 Reclaimed rubber mixed with raw rubber to cut
cost
 Has low elasticity, low tensile strength and poor
resistance to friction
 Sponge Rubber
 Obtained by adding sodium bicarbonate during
vulcanization
 Small pores left on evaporation of moisture
 Has better heat and sound insulation properties

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 Rubber Flooring Materials
 Rubber tiles in various sizes
 Used to cover floors of domestic and
public buildings, cinemas, hospitals,
stores, ships, transport vehicles, etc
 Topping may be plain, marbled,
ribbed or fluted
 Backing may be fabric, sponge or
plain rubber
 Good weather resistant, resilient and
noise reducer
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 Rubber Flooring Materials

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Asbestos
 Asbestos
 Acid proof and fire proof natural
fibrous mineral substance of different
colors found in the veins of
metamorphic rocks
 A silicate of calcium and magnesium
(CaSiO3.3MgSiO3) containing small
amount of iron oxide and alumina

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 Asbestos - Products
 Asbestos boards
 Asbestos sheets (flat and corrugated)
 Asbestos cement pipes
 Asbestos paper
 Asbestos paint
 Asbestos fibers
 Asbestos felt
 Asbestos fabric

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 Asbestos - Uses
 Asbestos cement products
– Sheets used for roofing material
– Pipes used to convey rain and seepage water
 Asbestos coated in bitumen called asbestos felt
used for damp proofing
 Used as insulating material for furnaces, steam
and exhaust pipes
 Asbestos dough (powdered fiber in water) used
for stopping holes and cracks in hot pipes etc
 Asbestos paper, sheet and fibers used for cable
insulation, and in switches, fuse boxes
 Used in manufacture of asbestos paint
 Used as heat insulator for fire proof padding,
packing sheets, firemen clothes, etc

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Heat Insulating Materials
 Insulating Materials
 The materials which control
transmission of heat and cold and
offer resistance to reflection and
transmission of sound and electricity
are known as insulating material
 Classification of Insulating Materials
– Heat/thermal insulation
– Sound insulation
– Electrical insulation

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 Insulating Materials
 The function of a thermal or heat insulator
is to resist the flow of heat through its
body, both ways
 The heat may not be allowed to enter or
escape from a system

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 Organic Heat Insulators
 Wool and Cattle hair
 Grass
 Cotton wool
 Cork
 Silk
 Wood, pulp and saw dust
 Sugarcane fiber
 Paper, cardboard, etc

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 Inorganic Heat Insulators
 Air
 Slag wool
 Mineral wool
 Glass wool
 Aluminum foil
 Diatomaceous earth
 Charcoal
 Wood ashes
 Gypsum powder
 Asbestos

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Acoustic Materials
 Sound Insulating Materials
 The materials which offer resistance
to reflection and transmission of
sound waves are called sound
insulating materials

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 anechoic chamber, showing acoustic damping
tiles used for noise absorption
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 Sound reflection board
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 Requirements of Sound
Insulating Materials
 Absorb noise to the desired extent
 Could be cleaned, washed and painted
 Resistant to attacks of vermin, insects,
termite or dry rot
 Fire resistant
 Be able to withstand weathering effects
 Lighter so be able to handle and fix easily
 Economical in initial cost
 Pleasant appearance in finished form

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 Common Types of Sound
Insulating Materials
 Acoustic plaster
 Acoustic pulp
 Acoustic boards or tiles
 Quilts and mats

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ELECTRICAL INSULATING
Materials
  Electrical insulator is a material
that does not respond to an electric
field and completely resists the flow
of electric charge.
 In insulating materials valence
electrons are tightly bonded to their
atoms.
 Their function is to support or
separate electrical conductors without
allowing current through themselves.

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