Capacitors and Inductors

Filters
Transformer
Diode
Rectifiers
Regulators
Parametric Sweep
Nate Moehring
 Capacitors and Inductors (cont’d)
Nate Moehring

http://www.ibiblio.org/obp/electricCircuits/DC/index.h
tml

http://members.aol.com/radelkopf/analog.html
 Capacitors in Series
• Series Capacitors add like Parallel Resistors:
• 1/CT = 1/C1 + 1/Cn
• CT = .909uF
 Capacitors in Parallel
• Parallel Capacitors add like Series Resistors:
• CT = C1 + Cn
• CT = 11uF
 Inductors in Series
• Series Inductors add like Series Resistors:
• LT = L1 + Ln
• LT = 11uH
 Inductors in Parallel
• Parallel Inductors add like Parallel Resistors:
• 1/LT = 1/L1 + 1/Ln
• LT = .909uH
 Capacitor Review
• Starts as short circuit, ends as open circuit
• iC = C*dVC/dt
• Open circuit at low frequencies
• Short circuit at high frequencies
 Inductor Review
• Starts as open circuit, ends as short circuit
• VL = L*dI/dt
• Short circuit at low frequencies
• Open circuit at high frequencies
 Filters
• Use frequency response characteristics of C
and L to filter frequency components out of
a time domain signal.
• Low Pass
• High Pass
• Band Pass
• Band Stop
 Low Pass Filters
• RC Low Pass: fcut off frequency = 1/(2πRC)
• Component selection
• RC vs. RL filters

• RL Low Pass: fc = R/(2πL)

 AC Analysis (freq)
• Logarithmic plot (count by decades)
• fc defined as –3dB of input, “Half power point”
• Copy paste data points to excel!
 Decibels
• Measure of gain. Instead of saying gain is
100,000x, some engineers prefer to say it as
100dB.
• Power gain: dB = 10 log(Po/Pi)
• Voltage gain: dB = 20 log(Vo/Vi)
• Always a relationship
 Decibels (cont’d)
• Useful values:
• 0dB = 1x
• 3dB = 2x
• 6dB = 4x
• 10dB = 10x
• 20dB = 100x
• 30dB = 1000x
• 3dBm is 3dB above 1mW
 Cursor Control
• Cursor 1:
• left click
• left/right arrows
• Cursor 2:
• right click
• Shift left/right arrows
Cursor, Mark Label
 .707?
• Because we are comparing gains in voltage,
not power, we must use 20log(Vo/Vi).
• 10^(-3dB/20) = .707V
• So, Vo = .707Vi at the cut off frequency
Bode Plot (dB, logarithmic)
 Common Problems
• Q: Simulation not making sense
• A: Make sure you how things are connected.
• RC High Pass: • RL High Pass:
• fc = 1/(2πRC) • fL = R/(2πL)
 HP LP

Band Pass

BW = (fc + 3dB) – (fc – 3dB)

BW = 200.171kHz – 494.694Hz = 199.676kHz
 HP LP

Band Stop

BW = 16.216kHz –6.0833kHz = 10.133kHz

 Transformer
• Easy to “Step down” or “Step up” an AC voltage
• (This is why AC is used for home power delivery
instead of DC.)
• VP/VS = NP/NS => VS = VPNS/NP
• Excellent DC filter because VS = NS*dΦ/dt
 In PSPICE…
• Coupling = 1
• Lx_Value = Nx2
• should be between 1mH and 1H
 Diode

• Allow current to flow only in 1 direction

• Flow from left (annode+) to right (cathode-) is forward
biased.
• Diode causes a voltage drop due to its activation voltage.
• Silicon - .7V
• Germanium - .3V
• Cathode connected to a battery is reversed biased. (blocked)
• Perform DC Sweep and Transient Response (use D1N4002)
Activation Voltage
Transient Response
Half Wave Rectifier
Half Wave Rectifier
Full Wave Rectification
Bridge Rectifier
In PSPICE…
Full Wave Rectifier
 Smoothing
• Use capacitor to smooth the ripples of the
rectified wave form.

(Negative voltage)
 Regulators
• Not in student addition (I think)
• Outputs a clean regulated voltage
• LM317 and 337 are +/- 2-18V variable regulators
• LM7805 is 5V regulator
• Input must be relatively steady or else regulator
will fail.
 Parametric analysis
• Change the value of a component to include {}, such as
{Rvalue}
• Place a Param component from the Special library
• Double click Param
• Click “New Column”
• Enter variable name used above, no {}, click OK.
• With new property selected, Click “Display”, select “Name
and Value”.
• Close property editor.
• Select Parametric sweep in simulation profile editor.
• http://tuttle.merc.iastate.edu/ee333/spice/pspicetutorial/basics/
pspicebasics.htm
Parametric results
w/ DC Sweep