CE 433 – REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

LECTURE #1

SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM

Melchor M. Famisan, D. Eng.

Instructor
 DISCLAIMER
This instructional material (IM) is designed for both face-to-
face and online classes. Whatever will be the modalities, this
IM is designed not only to encourage independent and self-
regulated learning among the students but cooperative
learning as well.
The contents of this IM are based on CMO 92, S. 2017. This
IM include the intended learning outcomes that are expected
among the students. Along with this IM is the paced
syllabus, course policies, and problem sets.
Utilization of this material is restricted only for students who
are officially enrolled in my class from this institution.
 INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, the students shall have the ability to:
 Derive the formulas involved in flexural analysis and
design of singly reinforced beam.
 Describe the load factors and combinations based on NSCP
2015.
 Perform flexural analysis of a singly reinforced beam.
 Design a singly reinforced beam in accordance with NSCP
2015
 TOPIC OUTLINE
1. Flexural Analysis of Singly Reinforced Beam
2. Load Factors and Combinations
3. Design of Singly Reinforced Beam
 Case 1: Given the load system and material
properties
 Case 2: Given the load system, material
properties and beam size
 FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM
At ductile condition:
ϵc = 0.003

d–c

ϵs ≥ (ϵy = fy/ES)

Assume that the TS yields, such that fs = fy .

∑Fx = 0: C=T
0.85f’c ab = fyAs
a = fyAs /(0.85f’c b) depth of stress block
c = a/β1
Solve the strain of TS to verify assumption. Note:
ϵS /(d – c) = 0.003/c  If ϵS ≥ ϵy , assumption is true (use: fs = fy)
 If ϵS < ϵy , assumption is false (use: fs = ϵS Es)
ϵS = (0.003/c )(d – c)
or fs = (600/c )(d – c)
Assuming that the steel has yielded:
Compute the nominal strength, Mn
Mn = C(d-a/2) = 0.85f’c ab(d – a/2) or
Mn = T(d-a/2) = fyAs(d – a/2)
Design Strength, φMn
φMn = φ[0.85f’c ab(d – a/2)] or

φMn = φ[fyAs(d – a/2)]

General Req’t:
φMn ≥ Mu

To determine the strength reduction factor, solve the strain of the farthest tensile steel and check
whether it is compression-controlled, transition, or tension-controlled.
ϵt /(dt – c) = 0.003/c Where: dt = dist. from c.g. of farthest TS to extreme conc. comp. fiber
ϵt = (0.003/c )(dt – c) Note: dt = d & ϵt = ϵs for single row of TS.
 β1

1.00 0.85

0.75
0.65
0.50

0.25

f’c (MPa)
17 28 55

β1 = 0.85 if 17 MPa < f’c ≤ 28 MPa

= 0.85 – (0.05/7)(f’c – 28) if 28 MPa < f’c < 55 MPa

= 0.65 if f’c ≥ 55 MPa
 φ

1.00 φ = 0.90

0.75 φ = 0.65
φ = 0.65 + 0.25 (ϵt – ϵy)/(0.005 – ϵy)
0.50

0.25

ϵs
ϵy = fy/Es 0.005

 If ϵt ≤ ϵy , compression controlled; use: φ = 0.65

 If ϵy < ϵt < 0.005 , transition; use: φ = 0.65 + 0.25 (ϵt – ϵy)/(0.005 – ϵy)

 If ϵt ≥ 0.005 , tension controlled; use: φ = 0.90

Note:  For transition and tension controlled, analyze the beam using fs = fy

 For compression controlled, analyze the beam using fs = ϵs Es = (600/c)(d – c)

 LOAD FACTORS AND COMBINATIONS
The required strength Mu shall be taken as the largest among the
combinations as follows:
 1.4D
 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or R)
 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + 1.0 (L or 0.5W)
 1.2D + 1.0W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or R)
 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L
 0.9D + 1.0W
 0.9D + 1.0E
where: D = dead load
L = floor live load
R = rain load
Lr = roof live load
W = wind load
E = earthquake load
SAMPLE PROBLEM #1
Determine the design moment strength of the beam as shown. f’c =
27.5 MPa & Fy = 415 MPa.

h = 480 mm

5-25 mm φ 75 mm
65 mm

b = 320 mm
SOLUTION:
Determine the effective depth.
Assume: a = area of steel bar = 1
A=5
A · Y = ∑(ay) c.g.
75 mm
5 · Y = 2(75) Y

Y = 30 mm
d = 480 – 65 – 30 = 385 mm
Solve the depth of stress block assuming that the TS yields.
∑Fx = 0: C=T
0.85 f’cab = fyAs
Check the strain of steel to verify assumption.
β1 =0.85 Since 17 MPa < f’c < 28 MPa

> ϵy , hence TS yielded. So fs = fy

Solve the nominal strength.

Mn = fyAs(d – a/2)

Compute the design strength.

dt = h – cover – ds – db/2 = 480 – 40 – 10 – 25/2 = 417.5 mm
ϵt = (0.003/c)(dt – c) = (0.003/160.202)(417.5 – 160.202) = 0.004818
Since ϵy < ϵt < 0.005 , hence within the transition region.
φ = 0.65 + 0.25 (ϵt – ϵy)/(0.005 – ϵy) = 0.8845
φMn = 0.8845(322.80) = 285.51 kN-m
SAMPLE PROBLEM #2
A simply supported beam has a span of 6m. Given the x-section of the
beam as follows: b = 300 mm, d = 325 mm, h = 400 mm, and reinforced
with 3-25 mm diameter tension bars, determine the maximum
uniform live load that the beam can support assuming that the dead
load including its selfweight is 6 kN/m. Use fc’ = 20.75 MPa and Fy = 415
Mpa.

h = 400 mm

3-25 mm φ
75 mm

b = 300 mm
SOLUTION:
Compute the required strength (Mu).

Solve the depth of stress block assuming TS yields.

Check the strain of TS to verify assumption and determine the value of φ.

> ϵy , hence TS yielded.

Compute the design strength.

Solve for the uniform live load.

wL = 14.32 kN/m
SAMPLE PROBLEM #3
Given the x-section and the properties of the materials as shown,
investigate the adequacy of the section to carry the given loads as
follows: wD = 20 kN/m (beam weight included), wL = 30 kN/m, PL = 55
kN and PD = 30 kN. Use f’c = 30 MPa and Fy = 345 MPa.

125 mm

125 mm
125 mm 125 mm PL = 55 kN
wD = 20 kN/m
PD = 30 kN
wL = 30 kN/m

500 mm

4 - 32 mm φ 3m 3m

75 mm
SOLUTION:
Assume that the TS yields and the depth of stress block is a = 125 mm.

125 mm

125 mm
a 125 mm 1 125 mm

2 2 a–125

500 mm

4 - 32 mm φ

75 mm
Find the strain of TS to verify assumption & to determine φ.

> ϵy , hence TS yielded

Solve for the design strength.

Solve the required strength and check the result against the design strength.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #4
Determine the design moment strength of the beam as shown. Assume
f’c = 24 MPa and Fy = 345 MPa.

200 mm

425 mm
3 – 25 mmφ

75 mm
400 mm
SOLUTION:
To determine the depth of stress block, let us divide first the trapezoidal
section as shown.

200 mm

a 1
2

x 425 mm
3 – 25 mmφ

75 mm
200 mm

400 mm
Check the strain of steel to determine the strength reduction factor.

, hence TS yielded and it is in tension controlled region

Solve for the design strength.

= 167.87 kN-m
 DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM
∑Fx = 0: C = T
0.85f’c ab = fyAs
a = fyAs /(0.85f’c b)
Steel Ratio, ρ = As/(bd)
As = ρbd
a = fy ρbd /(0.85f’c b) = (ρfy/f’c )(d/0.85)
Let ω = ρfy/f’c
a = ωd/0.85
Mu = φMn = φC(d – a/2)
= φ[0.85f’c ab(d – a/2)] = φ{0.85f’c (ωd/0.85)b[d – (ωd/0.85 )(1/2)]}
2
Mu = φf’c ωbd (1 – 0.59ω)
2
Mu = φ Rnbd
 Where: Rn = f’c ω(1 – 0.59ω) coefficient of resistance
0.59ω2 – ω + Rn/f’c = 0
By quadratic formula:
1/2
ω = 0.85 {1 ± [1 – 2Rn/(0.85f’c)] }
Note: Since positive root will yield over-reinforced design, hence the negative root
will be utilized to ensure ductility of the section.
Since ω = ρfy/f’c
1/2
Hence, ρ = (0.85f’c/fy) {1 – [1 – 2Rn/(0.85f’c)] }
BALANCED STEEL RATIO
ϵc = 0.003

cb

d – cb

ϵs = (ϵy = fy/ES)
By ratio and proportion
cb/0.003 = (d – cb)/(fy/Es) where: Es = 200, 000 MPa
cb = 600d/(600 + fy)
But: a = β1 cb
fyAs /(0.85f’c b) = β1 [600d/(600 + fy)]
Rearranging the equation
(As /bd)[fy /(0.85f’c )] = β1 [600/(600 + fy)]
 DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM
Case 1: Given the load system and material properties, design the beam
size and reinforcement.
Procedure:
 Solve the required strength (Mu) based on the governing load
combination.
 Assume value of steel ratio (ρ). Note that ρmin < ρ < ρmax. Practical value of
ρ varies from 0.5 ρmax to 0.5 ρB.
 Solve for Rn as follows:
ω = ρfy/f’c Rn = f’c ω(1 – 0.59ω)

 Obtain tentative size

2 of 2the beam based on the relation as follows:
Mu = φRn bd bd = Mu/φRn

Practical relative size: d = (1.5 to 2.0) b

Minimum concrete cover = 40 mm
Note: Round up the dimensions to the next multiples of 25 mm.
 Solve the new Mu that will include the self weight of the beam.
 Using the new Mu and the obtained dimensions of the beam,
determine the required area of the steel bars as follows:
2
Mu = φRnbd
2
Rn = Mu/(φbd )

 Check the steel ratio, ρmin < ρ < ρmax

’ 1/2
ρmin = larger of [1.4/fy , 0.25 ( f’c ) /fy
ρmax = 0.75 ρB
2
As = ρbd = n(πd /4)
 Check the clear spacing of the bars.
clear spacing ≥ [db or 25 mm or (4/3)daggregate]
 Draw the beam details.
Alternate Procedure
 Assume selfweight of the beam and include it in the calculation of Mu.
 Assume value of steel ratio (ρ). Note that ρmin < ρ < ρmax. Practical value of ρ varies from
0.5 ρmax to 0.5 ρB.
 Solve for Rn as follows:
ω = ρfy/f’c Rn = f’c ω(1 – 0.59ω)
 Obtain tentative size of the beam based on the relation as follows:
2
Mu = φRn bd2 bd = Mu/φRn
Practical relative size: d = (1.5 to 2.0) b
Note: Round up the dimensions to the next multiples of 25 mm.
 Check the assumed selfweight of the beam.
Note that the assumed wb ≥ actual value. If otherwise repeat the process.
 Determine the required area of the steel bars as follows:
Mu = φRnbd2
Rn = Mu/(φbd2)
req’d ρ = (0.85 f’c/fy) {1 – [1 – 2Rn/(0.85f’c)] 1/2 }
Note: ρmin < ρ < ρmax
As = ρbd = n(πd2/4)
 Check the clear spacing of the bars.
 Draw the beam details.
Case 2: Given the load system, material properties, and size of the beam,
design the reinforcement.
Procedure:
 Solve the selfweight of the beam and include the result in the
calculation of Mu.
 Determine the required area of the steel bars as follows:
Mu = φRnbd2
Rn = Mu/(φbd2)

Note: ρmin < ρ < ρmax

As = ρbd = n(πd2/4)
 Check the clear spacing of the bars.
 Draw the beam details.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #5
A simply supported beam has a 6m span and carries a
uniform dead load of 12 kN/m (beam weight is not included)
and a concentrated live load at the midspan of 40 kN.
Assuming that f’c = 30 MPa & fy = 400 MPa, design the beam
as singly reinforced.
SOLUTION:
Compute the required strength.

Determine the size of the beam.

Calculate the selfweight of the beam and recompute the required strength, Mu.

Determine the required steel reinforcement.

2
Rn = Mu/(φbd )
Check the steel ratio:

(OK)

450 mm

3-25 mm φ

300 mm
Check the clear spacing of the bars.
Beam Section

(OK)
 REFERENCES
 Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, National
Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP C101,Vol. I Buildings, Towers
and Other Vertical Structures), 7th ed., 2016
 Darwin, D., Dolan, C. & Nilson, A. (2016). Design of Concrete
Structures, 15th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education
 Hassoun, N. & Al-Manaseer, A. (2015). Structural Concrete: Theory and
Design, 6th ed. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons
 McCormac, J. & Brown, R. (2014). Design of Reinforced Concrete, 9th ed.
USA: John Wiley & Sons
 Nawy, E. (2010). Prestressed Concrete, 5th ed. New Jersey: Prentice hall
 Wight, J. & MacGregor, J. (2012). Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics &
Design, 6th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education