A Satellite based multi-time analysis

of Bio-Thermal hazards for

MSW Open Dump
By: WAJIHA IFTIKHAR
Mphil SS07-F18

Supervised by: Dr. KHALID MAHMOOD

Remote Sensing, GIS and Climatic Research Lab (RSGCRL)
(National Centre for GIS and Space Applications)
Department of Space Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
Introduction
• The waste accumulating in a municipality is commonly referred to as
“Municipal Solid Waste”. It may be harmful or harmless as maximum
of the solid waste is caused deprived of any isolation.
• It has an impact on human life and environment by distressing water,
soil and air pollution though independent on the source of origin.
Additionally, MSW accounted for general consideration of waste
treatment systems for the influences on land use and esthetic
aspects.

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MSW Classification
• Residential sector
• Manufacturing sector
• Commercial sector
• Educational sector
• Construction and demolition sector
• Urban services
• Processing sectors
• Agricultural sector

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MSW Hazards
• MSW dumps has been reported widely as it greatly damages the nearby
vegetation, soil, fundamental aquifer and atmosphere (Bellezoni et al., 2014).
• Natural environment and ecosystem are greatly affected by hazardous
emission from waste dumps over decades (Vaverkova and Adamcova, 2015).
• Chemical and biological decomposition process transforms MSW waste into
numerous compounds, both liquids and gases, with the passage of time
(Mahmood et al., 2016).
• Such composites are majorly characterized as landfill leachate termed as
groundwater contamination and landfill gases termed as air pollution due to
MSW waste. The resulted groundwater and air pollution greatly affect the
humans and plant health on a much wider scale.
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Developing Countries state of affairs
• Unindustrialized countries are facing major issue regarding MSW
dumps mainly due to inadequate assets, absence of technical and
technological skills.
• In order to overcome with this issue, researches and study related to
MSW management for current scenarios are important to suggest
remedial measures in these countries.

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Research Objectives
• For the identification of existing oldest dumping site in Lahore using
satellite data.
• For the comparison between changing waste components (current
and history).
• For the estimation of waste to compute study impact.
• For developing a method using freely available RS and GIS data.
• For the monitoring of vegetation health analysis based on indices.
• For thermal evaluation using LST product as a heat indicator for
combined effect analysis.

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Research Questions
• What are the conceivable primary issues to be resolved for MSW
management using satellite data?
• What are the conceivable satellite based remotely sensed indicators
freely available for the evaluation of MSW landfill hazard analysis?
• To what extent the MSW dump site has an influence based upon
seasonal variation around the year utilizing space based satellite
data?
• How spatial analysis used to reduce the MSW damages to it
surrounding using satellite based MSW dumped hazards?

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Scope of the study
• This includes the use of appropriate RS GIS technique to get imageries
from freely available satellite data, also the study of bio-thermal
analysis over Lahore oldest dumping site for detailed analysis on
dangerous waste emission.

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Methodology:
• Successfully utilized RS and GIS technique using freely available satellite data
• Make use of 55 cloud-free Landsat 8 scenes for index 38/149 for Four year
time spam (2016- 2020)
• Study area: Mehmood Booti open dumping site Lahore, Pakistan
• Proximity zones were generated under the radial distance of 1500 meters
from main dumping source
• Thermal indicator by using LST SC algorithm. While, biological indicators by
using three indices (NDVI, MSAVI and SAVI)
• Curve flattening practice is made done consuming EMA function (Graph
generated)

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Stud
y
Area:

10
 Methodology Flowchart

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 Sr. # Acquisition date Sr. # Acquisition date Sr. # Acquisition date
1 20191026 20 20180430 39 20170326
2 20191010 21 20180414 40 20170222
3 20190823 22 20180329 41 20170206
4 20190604 23 20180313 42 20170105
5 20190519 24 20180225 43 20161220
Cloud-free 6 20190503 25 20180209 44 20161118

Landsat 8 7
8
20190401
20190228
26
27
20180124
20180108
45
46
20161017
20161001
selected 9 20190127 28 20171207 47 20160915

scenes 10
11
20181226
20181124
29
30
20171121
20171105
48
49
20160830
20160627
12 20181108 31 20171020 50 20160526
13 20181023 32 20171004 51 20160510
14 20181007 33 20170918 52 20160424
15 20180905 34 20170716 53 20160307
16 20180820 35 20170614 54 20160220
17 20180804 36 20170529 55 20160204
18 20180601 37 20170427 Landsat 8 Level-2 Product for
19 20180516 38 20170411 index 38/149.
12
13
LST SC algorithm

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Indices Down Scaling

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Seasonal Windows
Sr. # Seasons Duration

1 Winter I January 1st - March 10

2 Spring March 11 – April 30th

3 Dry summer May 1st – July 6th

4 Monsoon July 7th – September 15th

5 Wet summer September 16th – November 15th

6 Winter II November 16th – December 31st

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Basic concept
• The study conducted works on the basic hypothesis that if there is a
source of destruction then plant health definitely has a negative effect
and it gets improve by moving some distance from that source. The
sources loses its influence to some extent and biological factors
improves onward from this extent. The biological influence zones
suggest crop health is highly dependent on seasonal variation. This
dependency is due to many factors including waste decomposition
rate, seasonal crop types, growing stage and harvesting stage of the
seasonal crop etc. (Mahmood et al., 2019).

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EMA Graph Sample

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Seasonal Averages for Four year (2016-2020)

Indicator Winter I Spring Dry summer Monsoon Wet summer Winter II

NDVI (m) 782.5 600 592.5 787.5 960 770

MSAVI (m) 798.75 600 633.75 802.5 930 735

SAVI (m) 807.5 552.5 686.3 745.0 840.0 715.0

LST (m) 748.75 750.625 576.25 473.75 725 775

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 NDVI Seasonal Trend
FOUR YEARS SEASONAL
NDVI (m) TREND

960

782.5 787.5
770

600 592.5

WINTER I SPRING DRY SUMMER MONSOON WET SUMMER WINTER II

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 MSAVI Seasonal Trend

FOUR YEARS SEASONAL

MSAVI (m) TREND

930

798.75 802.5

735

633.75
600

WINTER I SPRING DRY SUMMER MONSOON WET SUMMER WINTER II

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 SAVI Seasonal Trend
FOUR YEARS SEASONAL
SAVI (m) TREND

840
807.5

745
715
686.25

552.5

WINTER I SPRING DRY SUMMER MONSOON WET SUMMER WINTER II

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 LST Seasonal Trend

FOUR YEARS SEASONAL

LST (m) TREND

775
748.75 750.63
725

576.25

473.75

WINTER I SPRING DRY SUMMER MONSOON WET SUMMER WINTER II

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Discussion points
• On the basis of biological indicators, MSAVI index proves to be more reliable as due
to its capability to handle soil mixing with the vegetation land meanwhile NDVI index
is less preferred for the evaluation of plant health due to mixing of cultivated and
non-cultivated land but results found in this study are reliable than other indices. So
MSAVI is reliable for its natural ability whereas NDVI is preferable and reliable on its
practical constancy.
• In point of fact, winter-II is the growing time for wheat and any observation made in
this season, capture sparse vegetation due to very small plants making it difficult to
measure plant’s changing health with distance and therefore parallel observations
have low confidence levels. Whereas Winter I is time when the same crop gets dense
green and high above ground allowing profound measurement of any change in
health of plants and hence providing greater level of confidence at observations.

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• Seasonal variation in conditions takes part in two different scenarios: one is
the toxic emission that damage the vegetation and other is the rate of toxic
emission from dumps and waste degradation process.
• The radial extent clearly reflects that toxic emission from waste dumps
reaches to its maximum distance due to weather or seasonal conditions.
• The variety of the thermal influence zones also depends highly on waste
amount or amount of the toxic emission from dumps. It has been found that
with the increase in waste heaps, the intensity of the toxic emission from
dumps towards its surrounding has also been increased.
• The heavy metals like zinc, lead etc. gets mix with the soil from waste dumps
produces contamination. This contamination compensates the growing rate
of plants by storing these heavy metals in theirs roots, stems, leaves and
fruits. It is suggested that tress with no fruits should be planted near existing
dumps rather that crops that damage the human health and ecosystem.

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Conclusion
• It has been found that bio-thermal indicators have a direct influence on their
surrounding from waste dumps that varies concerning season and amount of the
dumping material. The influence gets weaker by covering some distance from the
dumps.
• This research also concludes that wet conditions of the seasonal time reduce the
influence zones of waste dump while dry conditions intensify the influence zones.
• Therefore, a distance from open dumps should be maintained in order to avoid
damage towards soil and plants health, underground water, humans and
surrounding atmosphere and environment.
• There must be a proper criteria for the MSW open dump site selection to elude
the destruction that causes from waste dumps.

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