Presentation on

“OPTIMIZATION OF CONCRETE MIX INCORPORATING BAGASSE AND SLAG

AGGREGATES AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT MATERIALS USING TAGUCHI
METHOD”

work Carried out at

Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakur
By
RAGHAVENDRA A
USN: 1SI14CSE13
M.Tech (Structural Engineering)
Department of Civil Engineering SIT, Tumakur

Under the guidance of

Dr. J.K. DATTATREYA.

Research Professor
Dept. of Civil Engineering
Siddaganga Institute Of Technology, Tumakur
 CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• LITERATURE REVIEW
• OBJECTIVE
• SCOPE OF STUDY
• METHODOLOGY
• DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS
• TEST RESULTS
• REFERENCE
 INTRODUCTION
• What is concrete…?
• Ingredients of concrete.
– Cement

– Fine aggregate
– Coarse aggregate

– Water.

• Taguchi method of optimization

 CEMENT

•The production of Portland cement, an essential constituent of

concrete, leads to the release of significant amount of CO2, a greenhouse
gas (GHG).
•The production of one ton of Portland cement produces around one ton
of CO2 and other GHGs.
 CONCRETE
Concrete is the single most widely used material in the world – and it
has a carbon footprint to match.

World demand/year
• 11.5 billion ton of concrete
• 1.5 billion ton of cement
• 1 billion ton of water
• 9 billion ton of aggregate
 BAGASSE ASH

SUGARCANE BAGASSE BAGASSE ASH

SLAG AGGREGATE
 TAGUCHI METHOD OF OPTIMIZATION

Taguchi’s approach:
• The overall objective of the method is to produce high quality
product at low cost to the manufacturer.
• Instead of having to test all possible combinations like the
factorial design, the Taguchi method tests pairs of combinations.
• This allows for the collection of the necessary data to determine
which factors most affect product quality with a minimum amount
of experimentation, thus saving time and resources.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
ON BAGASSE ASH
Sl. Author and Title Ground / %Replac Tests Results
No Journal Burnt ement
N Chusilp, Utilization of Ground, 10,20 and Compressive Increased
J Chai, bagasse ash as (45m 30% by strength, water upto 30%,
K Kiattikomol a pozzolonic retained=5 weight of permiability, Low
1
material %wt) binder heat evolution permiability
and heat
evolution
Sumreng Utilization of Ground, 10,20 and Compressive 30% for HSC,
rukzon, Prinya bagasse ash in (45m 30% by strength, 10% for low
Chindprasirt High strength retained=3 weight of porosity, porosity with
2
concrete %wt) binder Water good strength,
absorption, 30% for
RCPT. RCPT
G Sireesha, Experimental Unburnt 0-40% Compressive Unburnt-5%
M Kanta Rao, study on and burnt with a strength, for all, Burnt:
P Kanta Rao strength at 850oC step size Flextural Com.st.=15%,
3
properties of of 5% Strength and Flex.st.=30%,
with SCBA Split tensile Tensile.st=20
strength %.
ON SLAG AGGREGTES
Sl. Author and Title About Tests Results
No Journal
P Murthy, S Alan Sustainable M20 and Compressive The strength
et. Al replacement of M30, with strength, and durability
steel slag as 50% Water ahs increased
1 coarse aggregate replacement absorption,
in concrete UPV, rebound
hammer,
carbonation
Mohammed Experimental M20,M30 and Compressive Increased 4 to
Nadeem, Arun D. investigation of M40. strength, 7 %,
Pofale using slag as an 0,30,50,70,10 Flexural and Increased 6 to
2
alternative to 0% tensile strength, 8%
normal aggregate replacement density Increased by
8%
Khalid Raza, Strength Analysis M40, Compressive Up to 40%
Apoorv Singh, of Concrete by 0%, 10%, strength, increase of
R. D. Patel Using Iron Slag 20%, 30% Flexural and 21.36% of
3 as a Partial 40% and 50% tensile strength, compressive
Replacement of replacement density strength
Normal 20% for others
aggregate
ON TAGUCHI METHOD OF OPTIMIZATION
Ortho
Sl.
Author Title Parameters Level gonal
No `
array
Curing temperature,
Alkaline solution to
Reza
Abrasion resistance slag weight ratio, 25-60-95
mohebi,
of alkali-activated Concentration of 0.4-0.45-0.5
kirachehr
1 slag concrete sodium hydroxide 4-6-8 L9
Behfarnia,
designed by Taguchi solution, 1-3-5
Mohammed
Method Sodium hydroxide to
Shojaei
sodium silicate weight
ratio
Optimum mix
Muhd. MIRHA, 0-5-10-15
proportioning of
Fadhil B w/c, 0.3-0.35-0.4-0.45
MIRHA foamed
2 NURUDDI s/c, 0.25-0.5-0.75-1 L16
concrete
N, ridho SP, 1-1.5-2-2.5
Using taguchi's
BAYUAJI Foam 20-25-30-35
approach
Osman Determination of w/c 0.3-0.35-0.4-0.45
Unsal Modulus of Rupture Gradation 1-2-3-4
3 L16
Bayrak et. of Pavement Flyash 0-5-10-15
al Concrete Silica fume 0-10-20-30
 SUMMARY
From the above literatures
•The strength and durability of the concrete increases with
increase in bagasse ash as a partial replacement for cement up to a
limit of 30%.
•The strength of concrete increases with increase in slag
aggregate content as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate up
to a limit of 50%.
•By using Taguchi method of optimization, the number of
experiments to be conducted will be minimized and therefore, the
optimum mix will be found in minimum trials.
 OBJECTIVE

•To optimize the mix proportions of the concrete, containing

alternative materials bagasse ash as partial replacement of cement
and slag aggregate as partial replacement for coarse aggregate using
a Taguchi’s experiment design methodology for optimal design.
 SCOPE
The scope is limited to the following
• Selection of materials and material characterization.
• Preliminary mix design of concrete. And approximate calculation of the
quantity of the materials.
• Selection of the orthogonal array depending on the number of factors and
their levels.
• Concrete mix design and Casting and Curing of test specimens.
• Study of fresh concrete properties like
•Slump cone test.
• Study of hardened concrete properties like
•Compressive strength,
•Split tensile strength,
•Flexural strength,
•Ultrasonic pulse velocity test.
• Durability tests like
•Water absorption test,
•Rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT).
• Statistical analysis of the results is carried out and optimum values of the
parameters of the concrete are determined using ANOVA (Analysis of variance)
or MINITAB.
 METHODOLOGY
• Experimental program

Selection of materials and material characterization. Materials

will be used in this project are:
• Cement (OPC-53grade, Birla super),
• Bagasse ash,
• Fine aggregates,
• Course aggregates,
• Slag aggregates (Jindal plant),
• Super plasticizer.
 METHODOLOGY
Determination of material properties:
• Bagasse ash
– Specific gravity,
– Water absorption,
– Water demand,
– Chemical test.
• Slag aggregates
– Specific gravity,
– Bulk density of aggregates,
– Water absorption of aggregates,
– Sieve analysis of aggregates.
 METHODOLOGY
Selection of the orthogonal array depending on the number of
factors and their levels
Factors Levels

W/C 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45

BA/C 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

SA/C 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

W/C = water to binder ratio,

BA/C = bagasse ash to cement ratio,
SA/C = slag aggregates to coarse aggregate ratio.
 Design of experiment:
SI No W/C BA/C SA/ CA
1 0.3 0.10 0.15
2 0.3 0.15 0.20
3 0.3 0.20 0.25
4 0.3 0.25 0.30
5 0.35 0.10 0.20
6 0.35 0.15 0.15
7 0.35 0.20 0.30
8 0.35 0.25 0.25
9 0.4 0.10 0.25
10 0.4 0.15 0.30
11 0.4 0.20 0.15
12 0.4 0.25 0.20
13 0.45 0.10 0.30
14 0.45 0.15 0.25
15 0.45 0.20 0.20
16 0.45 0.25 0.15
 TEST RESULTS
• Tests on cement
Code
Test Result As per
Provision

Specific Vicat’s apparatus

3.05 3.15
Gravity

Normal
IS 4031
consistency 30 (Part IV)-1988
(%)

Initial setting
140 IS 4031 max 30
time(min)
(Part V)-1988
Final setting
255 max 600
time(min)

Density bottle
 TEST RESULTS
• Tests on bagasse ash
Test Factory Result
Nanjangud 2.15
Specific gravity Kuntur 2.07
Pandupura 1.88

Test Factory Loose density Loose density

in kg/m3 in kg/m3
Nanjangud 320 488
Bulk density Kuntur 320 454
Pandupura 208 311
 TEST RESULTS
• Tests on bagasse ash
Test Factory Result(%)
Normal consistency Nanjangud 37
for 20% replacement Kuntur 35
of bagasse ash as per
IS:1727-1967 Pandupura 39

Test Factory % Retained

Nanjangud 8.33
Dry sieve analysis
Kuntur 1.33
with 300m sieve
Pandupura .83

Test Factory % Retained

Nanjangud 20.33
Dry sieve analysis
Kuntur 16
with 150m sieve
Pandupura 10
 TEST RESULTS
Water/cement % replacement Super plasticizer
• Tests on bagasse ash
0.3 0 No
– Flow table
10 No
15 0.38
20 0.96
25 1.54
0.35 0 No
10 No
Kuntur: 15 0.22
20 0.68
25 0.90
0.40 0 No
10 No
15 No
20 0.48
25 0.82
 TEST RESULTS
Water/cement % replacement Super plasticizer

Nanjangud : 0.3 10 0.64

15 1.46

20 1.98

25 2.64

0.35 10 0.52

15 1.28

20 1.7

25 2

0.40 10 No

15 No

20 0.58

25 1.24
 TEST RESULTS
Water/cement % replacement Super plasticizer
Pandavpura :
0.3 10 0.24

15 0.42

20 1.06

25 1.98

0.35 10 No

15 0.36

20 0.88

25 1.54

0.40 10 No

15 No

20 0.44

25 0.96
 TEST RESULTS
• Tests on fine aggregate

Test Result As Per

Pyconometer and Density
Specific Gravity 2.67 IS 2386 (PART III)
cylinder

Bulk Density IS 2720

1497
(kg/m3) (PART XXVIII)

Sieve Analysis
 WORKS TO BE DONE
• Mix design
• Casting
• Test on fresh and hardened concrete
• Statistical analysis of the results
 REFFERENCES
1. Chusilp, Chai, Kiattikomol,(2009), “Utilization of bagasse ash as a pozzolanic material
in concrete”, Construction and Building Materials 23 (2009) 3352–3358, ScienceDirect.
2. Sumrerng Rukzon, Prinya Chindaprasirt,(2012), “Utilization of bagasse ash in high-
strength concrete”, Materials and Design 34 (2012) 45–50, ScienceDirect.
3. Sireesha, Kanta Rao M, Kanta Rao P,(2013), “An experimental study on strength
properties of concrete when cement is partialy replaced with SCBA”, Vol.9, Issue 3, PP-
35-38,IOSR-JMCE.
4. Murthy, Alan, Chakkaravarthi, Raguraman, Seenivasan,(2015), “Sustainable replacement
of steel slag as coarse aggregate in concrete”, ISSN 0973-4562 Vol. 10 No.53, IJAER.
5. Mohammed Nadeem, Arun Pofale,(2012), “Utilization of industrial waste slag as
aggregate in concrete applications by adopting Taguchi’s approach for optimization” 2,
96-105, scientific research.
6. Khalid Raza, Apoorv Singh, Patel,(2012), “Strength Analysis of Concrete by Using Iron
Slag as a Partial Replacement of Normal Aggregate (Coarse) in Concrete”, ISSN
(Online): 2319-7064 Impact Factor (2012): 3.358, IJSR.
7. Reza Mohebi, Kiachehr Behfarnia, Mohammad Shojaei, “Abrasion resistance of alkali-
activated slag concrete designed by Taguchi method”, Construction and Building
Materials 98 (2015) 792–798, ScienceDirect.C
 REFFERENCES
8. Muhd. Fadhil B NURUDDIN, Ridho BAYUAJI,(2009), “Optimum mix proportioning
of mirha foamed concrete using Taguchi's approach”, APSEC-EACEF 2009,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia UTM langkawi, Malaysia.

9. Osman unsal bayrak, Fatih hattatoglu, Sinan hinislioglu,(2010), “Determination of

modulus of rupture of pavement concrete with silica fume and fly ash using taguchi
technique”, volume 1, No 3, ISSN 0976 – 4399, International journal of civil and
structural engineering.
THANK YOU