ERGONOMICS

Sudirman, MKKK
OHS Department
Faculty of Public Health
Universitas Muhammadiyah
Kalimantan Timur
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 Outlines
 Introduction of Ergonomics
 Background
 Definitions
 System
 Objective
 Benefits
 Development
 Ergonomics risks – musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)
 Manual Material Handling
 Work postures
 Ergonomic Prevention Program
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 Background
 World War II
 design military equipment
 Revolution of Industry
custom made product  mass product

Problems:
Unmatch between products and user
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Why Ergonomics?

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Definition
 Greek : “ERGON” and “NOMOS”
Ergon  work
Nomos  natural law
 Professor Hywell Murrel – 8 July 1949
the scientific study of the relationship between man and
his working environment”
 Human Factor

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Definisi Ergonomi
 ILO
“The application of the human biological
sciences in conjunction with the
engineering sciences to achieve the
optimum mutual adjustment of
man/woman and his/her work, the benefits
being measured intern of human efficiency
and well-being”
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 Definition of Ergonomics
 BCPE, 1993
A body of knowledge about human abilities,
human limitations and human characteristics
that are relevant to design.
Ergonomic design is the application of this
body of knowledge to the design of tools,
machines, systems, tasks, jobs, and
environments for safe, comfortable and
effective human use.
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Definition of Ergonomics
 IEA (International Ergonomics Association)
“ The study of anatomical, physiological, and psychological
aspect of human in working environment. It is concerned with
the efficiency, health, safety, and comfort of the people at work
at home and at play.
 This generally requires the study of systems in which humans,
machines and environment interact, with the aim of fitting to the
humans”

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System Interactions

Machines/
Human Tools/
Task/Material

Environment

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System Interactions

Human

Machines/
Environment Tools/
Task/Material

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 System Interactions

Focus to the human

The principles of user centered design
If an object, a system or an environment is
intended for human use, then its design should
be based upon the physical and mental
characteristics of its human users
Human capability, characteristic,
and limitation which different for each person
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 Demand < Human Capacity

Demand
• metabolic level, force, moments, load,
work posture, etc.
Human Capacity
• strength, tissue tolerance, aerobic
capacity, anthropometry, reach, etc

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The Objectives of Ergonomics
 To enhance the effectiveness with which
work and other human activities are carried
out
 To maintain or enhance certain desirable
human values in the process, health, safety,
satisfaction, etc.

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The Twin Aims of Ergonomics

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BENEFITS
Comfort

Ergonomi

Efficiency
Well-being • Physical
• Mental
• Production

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Ergonomic as Science
Physiology Toxicology Anatomy
Management
Biomechanics
Engineering

Design
Ergonomics
Ergonomics Environmental
sciences
Economy

Computer sciences
Occupational health & safety
Sociology Psychology

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 Development of ergonomics
 Military Ergonomics 1950s
 Industrial Ergonomics 1960s
 Consumer Ergonomics 1970s
 Computer Ergonomics 1980s
 Information Ergonomics 1990s
 Leisure Ergonomics 2000s
 Space Ergonomics 2010s

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Development of ergonomics

1. Physical Ergonomics
(human – machine interface technology)
 Anthropometry
 Biomechanics
2. Cognitive Ergonomics
(user – interface technology)
3. Macro Ergonomics
(human – organization – environment – machine
interface technology)

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 The Technology of Ergonomics
 Micro ergonomics
1. Human-Machine: Hardware ergonomics
2. Human-Environment: Environmental ergonomics
3. Human-Software: Cognitive ergonomics
4. Human-Job: Work Design ergonomics
 Macro ergonomics (Hendrick & Kleiner 2002):
1. Human-Work-System

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Ergonomics Risk – musculoskeletal
disorders (MSDs)
 Sighs and symptoms in muscle and bone (MSDs)
 Low back pain
 Hernia Nucleus Pulposus
 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
 Shoulder disorders
 Fatigue – Strain
 Neck stiff
 Myalgia
 Etc

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Cost related with MSDs
 USA
 About 300 – 400 case per 100.000 worker
(around 6 million case per year)
 22% from worker with computer interaction
have MSDs problems
 Insurance claim related with MSDs
approximately $14,726
 Indonesia?
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 Direct Cost (www.libertymutual.com)
Event % (billions) 2002 - 2003 1999 - 2003

Over exertion 26,4% $13,4 -0,03% 15,1%

Falls on the same level 13,7% $6,9 10,4% 32,3%

Bodily Reaction 10,2% $5,1 -4,7% 20,3%

Falls to lower level 9,0% $4,6 -1,9% 8,8%

Struck by object 8,5% $4,3 -3,4% 12,2%
Repetitive Motion 5,9% $3,0 3,4% -2,2%
Highway incident 5,8% $3,0 12,8% 9,2%
Struck against object 4,4% $2,2 -6,1% 5,2%
Caught in or compressed by 3,9% $2,0 1,4% 12,9%
Assaults & Violent Acts 0,8% $0,4 -9,9% -8,5%
All other 11,3% $5,8
Total 100% $50,8 0,7% 11,4%

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Manual Material Handling (MMH)
 Conducting physical workload manually
 Lifting
 Carrying
 Lowering
 Pushing
 Pulling

Workload < Work Physical Capacity

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 Bad postures
 Back, Head
 Bending forward/ backward
 Twisting
 Legs
 Unstable – supported by one leg
 Squatting
 Hands
 Over reach
 Over than shoulder

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Preventive of MMH
 Avoid over workload
 Material – load, size, shape, coupling
 Adjustment table
 Maximal load for male at once time: NIOSH (23 kg),
WHO (20 kg)
 Minimize manual task
 Good house keeping
 Avoid carrying in far distance
 Change MMH task – better pushing than pulling, better
lowering than lifting
 Work rotation
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 Preventive of MMH
 Minimize bad postures
 Good layout of
workstation
 Proper technical of lifting
and carrying
 Stretching
 Training – good exercise
 Should do it

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Ergonomic Prevention Program
 Engineering Control
 Modification of
machines and tools
 Modification chair –
desk as users
anthropometry
 Identification of
ergonomics risk

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Ergonomic Prevention Program
 Administrative Control
 Appropriate SOP – language, simple,
technical
 Work instruction
 Short break
 Work rotation
 Personal Control
 Training
 Stretching
 Personal Protective Equipment

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REPETITIVE WORK

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Repetitive Work
 Low energy consumption – low workload
 Posture : upper limb active (hand, arm, and
shoulder), lower limb static
 Visual requirement – head and neck
movement
 1 work cycle 10 – 30 second but repetitive
for long time
 Frequency – duration

Boredom – Low Motivation – Mental Stress

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Gambar 1

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Gambar 2 Gambar 3

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Gambar 4

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 Gambar 5

Gambar 6
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Gambar 7

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Gambar 8 Gambar 9

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Gambar 10

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Gambar 11

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Gambar 12

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Gambar 13 Gambar 14

Gambar 15

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No Pekerjaan Task Durasi Frekuensi Bahaya Penanggulan
Ergonomi

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Referensi
 Pheasant, Stephen, Bodyspace : Anthropometry, Ergonomics and the
Design of Work, Tailor & Francis, 1986
 Oborne. Davis J, Ergonomics at work. Jon Wiley & Son Ltd. 1982
 Bridger. R.S, Ph.D., Introduction to Ergonomics, McGraw-Hill
International Editions. 1995
 Pheasant, Stephen, Ergonomics, Work and Health. Aspen Publishers, Inc.
1991.
 Pulat, Mustafa.B. Fundamental of Industrial Ergonomics. Prentice-Hall,
Inc. 1992.
 Kroemer, K. H. E. & Grandjean E., Fitting the Task to the Human: A
Textbook of Occupational Ergonomics, Taylor&Francis, 1997.
 Hendrick, Hal W. and Kleiner, Brian M., Macroergonomic: Theory,
Methods, and Applications, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 2002.
 McCormick, Ernest J, Ph.D. & Sanders, Mark S., Ph.D, Human Factors in
Engineering and Design. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1982

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Thank you for your kind
attention

Terima Kasih atas perhatiannya

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