II.

Meaning and Scope of School Administration and Supervision

What is Article 14 of the Philippine Constitution?

Need to know that:
Article 14 of the Philippine Constitution that the State shall protect and promote the right
of all citizens to quality education at all levels, and shall take appropriate steps to make such
education accessible to all.
All educational institutions shall include the study of the Constitution as part of the
curricula.
Educational administration and supervision programs are usually offered at the
master's or doctoral degree levels.
They may culminate in a degree or in an endorsement for a teacher's license.
Most programs include an internship in an administrative position in a
local school or educational agency.
• School administrators who work in elementary, middle and high schools are also known as principals.
They usually have master's or doctoral degrees in educational leadership or administration.
• A principal could also be responsible for: Hiring and evaluating teachers. Setting goals and objectives.
The major functions of administration and supervision:
• The function is to create favorable conditions for the educational process
• And their maintenance at an effective level.
For effective organization, good administration should involve:
• Planning
• Organizing
• Directing
• Motivating
• Controlling
• decision-making
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION:
• Supervision means overseeing the performance of a person or a group.
• Supervision means to check the performance of workers and to guide them
accordingly.
• As compared to administration is used to implement:
• the policies
• rules
• techniques passed by management
Types of Supervision:
• Autocratic
• Laissez-faire
• Democratic
• Bureaucratic Supervision
Autocratic leadership implies one person makes all the decisions for a group,
team or assembly. In this context, autocratic leaders have ominous
responsibilities. Not only are they expected to make all the decisions,
they're expected to make all the right decisions.
 Laissez-faire = A non-authoritarian leadership style. 
 Laissez faire leaders try to give the least possible guidance to subordinates,
and try to achieve control through less obvious means.
 They believe that people excel when they are left alone to respond to their
responsibilities and obligations in their own ways.
• Democratic Leadership, also known as Participative Leadership, is where
individuals who would typically be considered unequal by hierarchal standards
have shared power in making decisions.
• Participative leadership instill mutual respect among those involved that create
candid and open conversations.
• Democratic supervision:
• Under this type, supervisor acts according to the mutual consent and discussion or
in other words he consults subordinates in the process of decision making.
• This is also known as participative or consultative supervision.
Bureaucratic Supervision :
• Employees in bureaucracies are promoted based on their ability to conform to the
rules.
• Definition and beliefs Bureaucratic supervision rely on rules and regulations and
clearly defined positions within organizations.
• They tend to be people who are well organized.
• Bureaucratic leadership is leadership based upon fixed official duties under a
hierarchy of authority, applying a system of rules for management and decision-
making.
• School administration is the school's main governing body, and it plays a major part
in making decisions related to students, faculty and the school's overall status.
• There are several types of school administration, depending on the school's nature.
• These administrations oversee the school's development as well as the welfare of its
students and faculty.
• More often, they are also the only entity that bridges the relationship between the
school and the community.
Types of educational administration:
• Centralized and Decentralized Education Management
• External and Internal Education Management
• Autocratic and Democratic Educational Management
• Creative Educational Management
The functions of supervision in Education:
It is the function of supervision to stimulate, direct, guide, and encourage the
teachers to apply instructional procedures, techniques, principle, and devices.
And to assist the teacher to accomplish his purpose and to solve the problems
that arise in his teaching.
• What is the meaning of supervision in education?
• Educational supervision is a term used to identify the work duties of
administrative workers in education. Educational supervisors make sure
the educational institution operates efficiently and within the legal requirements
and rules.
• How many types of supervision are there?
• three types
• There are three types of supervision:
• administrative
• clinical (also called educational supervision)
• supportive supervision.