Chapter -2

TRACTORS and
DOZERS (BULLDOZERS)
 TRACTORS
• Tractor is a self propelled power unit having wheels
or tracks (crawler) for operating agricultural
implements and machines including trailers.
• Tractor engine is used as a prime mover for active
tools and stationary farm machinery through power-
take off (pto) or belt pulley.
How to Drive & Operate a Tractor PTO Shaft on a Tract
or How It Works.mp4
power-take off (pto)
 TRACTORS
• What is a continuously variable transmission
CVT?
A continuously variable transmission, or CVT, is a
type of automatic transmission that provides
more useable power, better fuel economy and a
smoother driving experience than a traditional
automatic transmission.

• How a CVT works! (Animation).mp4

 TRACTORS
CLASSIFICATION OF TRACTORS

• Tractors can be classified into three classes on

the basis of structural design
1. Wheel tractor
2. crawler tractor
3. walking type tractor
 TRACTORS
• Wheel tractor
Tractors having three or four pneumatic wheels are
called wheel tractors. Four wheel tractors are
popular everywhere
 TRACTORS
• Crawler tractor
This type is also called Track type tractor or Chain
type tractor. In such tractors , there is endless
chain.
 TRACTORS
Power tiller(walking type tractor)
• Power tiller is a walking type tractor.
• This tractor is usually fitted with two wheels only.
• The direction of travel and its controls for field
operation is performed by the operator, walking
behind the tractor
 TRACTORS
• Classification of wheel tractors On the basis of
purpose, wheeled tractors are classified into three
groups
a. General purpose tractor
b. Row crop tractor
c. Special purpose tractor
DOZERS (BULLDOZERS)
 A bulldozer is a large engineering vehicle with a blade on
the front that is used to move large amounts of soil.
 They are used for moving earth up to a distance of about
100m and act as a towing tractor and pusher to scraper
machines. Scrapers and Dozers and Dirt. OH MY!.mp4
 It can be found in mines and different engineering
projects.
 Bulldozers are always high-powered diesels, mainly
because of the torque necessary to move through very
rough terrain.
 Cont…
 The diesel engine of the bulldozer can
generate any where from 50-700 horsepower,
so rough terrain and steep slopes are not a
problem for this machine.
Dozing (pushing materials)
Assisting scraper
 Applications of bull dozers
The size, weight and the technology used by it
has made it applicable for various fields which
can be summed as :
 Land excavation, road construction.
 Mines and quarries ,military

Heavy industry factories

 Engineering projects

 farms and etc…

 Classification of bulldozer
There are a variety of dozers that differ depending upon
mountings, nature of blade and based on control.
Depending upon mountings
 Crawler bulldozer
 Wheeled bulldozer
Depending on the nature of blade
 Front casting dozer
 Angle dozer
Depending on the control
 Hydraulic control dozer
 Cable controlled dozer
Crawler bulldozer
The crawler is a tracked vehicle and hence does not have any
tires.
Tracks give them excellent ground hold and mobility through
very rough terrain
Have large ground contact area and therefore have a good
track adhesion.
Large crawlers usually have a ripper installed at the machine’s
rear end and can even crush any hard surface.
Ripping CAT D11T in action(360p).MP4
Have power ratings of 65-700Hp.
Characteristics of Crawler type dozers
 Suitable for job that require high tractive effort

 Rated by size & weight

 Weight is important

Tractive effort is a function of weight & coefficient of traction.

Tractive Effort (Force) = Coefficient of traction x Weight

 Traction and tractive effort
• Traction is the ability of the tire contact patch to grip the road surface

• Traction refers to the maximum frictional force that can be produced

between surfaces without slipping

• The ability of the drive wheels to transmit this effort without slipping
is known as ‘traction’.

• The force available at the contact between the drive wheel tires and
road is known as ‘tractive effort’.

• Hence usable tractive effort never exceeds traction.

The tractive effort related to engine power as follows.
Crawler dozer
Wheeled bulldozer
The wheel dozer has large and heavy tires which enables it to
function well.
Thais types of dozers that are used in most of the construction
plans like water parks and stadiums. 
 It have hydraulic steering that is quite easy and flexible to
operate.
The main difference between the wheeled dozer and the crawler
dozer is that the wheel one can move on a small axis unlike the
crawler bulldozer which is not able to do that.
Main advantage is high speed sometimes exceed 50kmph it is for
long distance hauling and good roads.
Coefficient of traction for various surfaces
 Wheeled bulldozer
A. Single axle
B. Two axles
I. Single axle drive
II,. Two axle drive
Front casting dozer
blade is fixed perpendicular to the direction of travel.
Angle dozer
blade is fixed at angle the direction of travel.
Hydraulic control dozer
 It can produce high pressure on the blade
 More precise settling of blade can be maintained
 It is difficult in installation and operation
 It is difficult to repair
Cable controlled dozer
 There is less chance to damage as blade can move up and
ride over rigid obstruction
 It is simple in installation and operation
 It is easy to repair
 Armored bulldozers
Bulldozers employed for combat engineering roles are often
fitted with armor to protect the driver from firearms and
debris, enabling bulldozers to operate in combat zones.
Bulldozer Parts
 Bulldozer blade
Is a heavy metal plate on the front of the tractor, used to push
objects, and shove sand, soil and debris.
 It is able to lift up and down via hydraulic arms that are
commanded from inside the cab.
 can weigh up to 7,264 kg
 A main part that different the bulldozer from tractor.
Bulldozer blades may vary from purpose to purpose and
size to size.
 The front of the blade is called the moldboard and is
concave and sloped back
 Bulldozer blades have three main varieties
 Universal or U-blades (tall)
have curved wings to handle a larger volume of material.
 Straight or S-blades (short)
have no curvature, making them ideal for grading work.
 This blade is mounted in a fixed position, perpendicular to
the line of travel.
 It can be tilted and pitched either forward or backward
within a 10° arc.
 Used for fine grading.
 Semi-U blades or S-U blades
Are shorter with less curvature and smaller wings than
traditional U-blades.
 They are designed for handling smaller amounts of heavy
material.
 Special-Purpose Blade
There are special blades, such as the Rome K/G, designed for
clearing brush and trees but not for earthmoving.
 The Rome K/G blade is permanently fixed at an angle.
 The operator must be well-trained to be efficient in this
operation.
 Cushion Blade
 Especially larger machine bulldozers (300 hp or more) are
used to push scrapers while loading.
 The blade used in this case is usually fitted with a shock
absorbers and the blade is much stronger than the other
blades.
 Blade adjustments
Tilt: The vertical movement of a blade end is known as tilt. This
movement is within the vertical plane of the blade. Tilting
permits concentration of tractor driving power on limited length
of blade.
Pitch: The control which allows the operator to vary the angle of
attack of the blade cutting edge with the ground is a pitch. It is
the movement of the top of the blade toward or away from the
tractor.
Angling: Turning the blade so that it is not perpendicular to the
direction of the tractor’s travel is angling.
RIPPER
Ripper is the long claw-like device on the back of the bulldozer it
can come as a single (single shank) or in groups of two or more
(multi shank rippers). The ripper is actually an option, as
bulldozers don't typically come with this construction appliance.

Ripping CAT D11T in action(360p).MP4

TRACTOR
The tractor is the body of the bulldozer. It encompasses the
cab where the controls are located. Tractor Body is used as
bulldozer main part.
CAB
The cab contains many glass, rubber, and plastic components
which enhance the ergonomic feel of the machine. The cabin
design has seen many improvements in operator comfort and
ergonomics and has provided for many improved automotive
features, such as air conditioning controller, steering and
transmission controller, AM/FM radio, automatic seat
adjustments, electronic controls, and systems-monitoring
equipment.
How_2_Operate_A_Cat_D6_Dozer.mp4
steering control lever, or tiller, Dozer control lever and Ripper control lever
 How_2_Operate_A_Cat_D6_Dozer.mp4

Dozer control lever (1) Ripper control lever (5)

Engine /Power plant
Engine is one of the devise on the dozer like
every vehicles used to convert chemical energy
of a fuel in to heat and to mechanical energy.
 It’s also the first power sources of all
hydraulic units& components.
Supportive systems of an engine
Fuel system
 supplies fuel to the engine

 Hydraulic pump/ fuel pump (pumps both oil & fuel to

injectors)
 Common rail (as a high pressure fuel line)

 HEUI systems (cam less engine)

 Piezo active injectors (5times active than the normal solenoid

type)
 Fuel filter (special & can filter up to 2 micron)

 The fuel filter can be serviced by using a multi meter

 Electric/electronic systems (CAN – Protocol, on
some new models)
All computers in the dozers are connected by
(CAN-H/CAN-L)
CAN bus Remote Control System
Helps to operate the machine on very hard
places. The electronic CAN bus radio remote
control system Controls all engine, hydraulic
drive system functions
Lubrication systems (functioning like every
engines lubricating
UNDER CARRIAGE
The undercarriage consists of track frames, carrier rollers, track
roller, idlers, recoil springs and tracks.
 UNDER CARRIAGE

1.track links and track pins with rotating bushings

2. track shoes 5. track rollers
3.sprocket segments 6.carrier rollers
4. track idlers 7. track guides
UNDER CARRIAGE
TRACK FRAME ASSEMBLY
BULLDOZER HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
BULLDOZER HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
The hydraulic control system for the work attachment
consists of hydraulic pump, hydraulic tank (enclosing control
valve), filter, hydraulic cylinders and tubings. these system
components are arranged on bulldozers.
• Hydraulic main Components

control valve pump

Hydraulic cylinder

Hydraulic valves
filters
Bulldozers can be equipped with up to three control valves (for
controlling blade cylinders, tilt cylinder and ripper cylinders).
the control valve is shown at three different
positions,raise,lower and float with the indications of oil flow at
each position.
 The oil flow is directed to the head side of the cylinder to
raise the blade
The oil flow is directed to the bottom side of the cylinder
to lower the blade
Dozer control lever (1) Ripper control lever (5)
 At float position, both sides of the cylinder piston are
dumping that the blade is free to move up and down resting
on the ground by its own weight.
Power train
The power train includes the transmission/gear box, clutch/torque convertor,
driveshaft differential, and gears that rotate the track or wheel. Coupled to
the engine crankshaft, the power train will transmit power from the engine to
the elevated sprocket gear or to wheel. Driving power from diesel engine (1)
is transmitted to transmission (4) through main clutch or torque converter (2)
and universal joint (3). The power altered through selection of proper gear
arrangement within the transmission according to load, is transmitted to
bevel pinion (6) at the rear end of the transmission. The bevel pinion and the
bevel gear direct the power into the right and left and left directions. Steering
clutches (7) at both ends left and right of the bevel gear shaft control the
transmission of power from the bevel gear shaft to the final drive, providing a
means for steering the machine in corporation with brake (8) installed on
each steering clutch. The power from the steering clutch goes to final drive
(9) consisting of a train of gears to turn sprocket. The sprocket drives track to
cause the machine to travel.
Power train
• Types of Suspension
Rigid suspension & Semi rigid suspension
• Some makes of bulldozers have a rigid
connection between the track frames and the
machine is subject to side tipping when one
side only rides over the rocks

Rigid suspension
Semi rigid suspension
 Dozer Capacity
 It is amount of earth that the blade of a bulldozer can push at
a time.
 it is indicated by engine horse power and blade volume.
 A dozer’s pushing potential is measured by two standard
ratios
 Horsepower per foot of cutting edge
 Horsepower per loose cubic yard of material retained
in front of the blade.
 Horsepower per foot (hp/ft) provides an indication of the
ability of the blade to penetrate and obtain a load. The higher
this ratio, the more aggressive the blade
 Horsepower per loose cubic yard (hp/lCy) measures the
blade’s ability to push a load. A higher ratio means that the
dozer can push a load at a greater speed.

Its formula is B = LxH2. Where, L = blade width, m (yd), H =

blade height, m (yd)
Specification terms and operation
data
There are a number of terms used for specifying the capacity or
size of the bulldozers or dozer shovels. The following are some
of them which you must be familiar with when talking to sales
people or customers.
• Length of track on ground (mm): The center distance between a
sprocket and an idler of a tractor equipped with the tracks
consisting of the specified number of track shoes.
• Track gauge (mm): the center distance between the tracks
• Ground clearance (mm): The height of the lowest point near the
center line of a tractor from the ground line. Since the track shoe
grousers are sunken below the ground line, the grouser height is
not included in the ground clearance.
• Operating weight (kg): Total weight of a tractor with full fuel
tank as well as with lubricants and coolant in the specified
amounts (not including any personnel on board).
• Maximum loading capacity (kg): Maximum load allowable to
be put into a specified location of a loading equipment like a
bucket
• Ground pressure (kg/cm2): Weight to be imposed on a unit
area of the portion of a tractor in contact with ground. It is
normally indicated in the unit of kg/cm2.

operating weight  attachment weight

Ground pressure =
2 * shoe width * length of track on ground
• Maximum lift above ground (mm): The distance from the ground
line to the tip of cutting edge when the blade is lifted all the way up
• Maximum drop below ground (mm): The distance from the ground
line to the tip of cutting edge when the blade is lowered all the way
down
• Maximum tilt (mm): The distance from the ground line to the
cutting edge when the blade is tilted to the limit at its left (or right)
shoulder.
• Blade capacity : Volume of dirt to be theoretically obtained in the
hauling operation with the blade.
– Its formula is B = LxH2. Where, L = blade width, m (yd), H = blade
height, m (yd)
• Height to bucket hinge pin, fully raised (mm): The height of
bucket hinge pin from the ground line when the bucket is
raised fully.
• Dumping clearance (mm): The height of bucket tip measured
from the ground line when the bucket is raised fully at a 450
discharge angle (not including the bucket teeth).
• Dumping reach (mm): The horizontal distance measured from
the front most point of a tractor to the bucket tip when the
bucket is raised fully at a 450 discharge angle (not including
the bucket teeth).
Dozer Capacity Estimation
The basic earthmoving production equation may be applied in
estimating dozer production

This method requires an estimate of the average blade load and

the dozer cycle time.
There are several methods available for estimating average blade
load, including:
the blade manufacturer's capacity rating,
previous experience under similar conditions, and
actual measurement of several typical loads.
A suggested method for calculating blade volume by measuring
blade load is as follows:
Doze a full blade load, then lift the blade while moving forward
on a level surface.
Measure the width (W) of the pile
Measure the height (H) of the pile
Measure the length (L) on the pile
Calculate blade volume using Equation
Blade load (LCY) = 0.0139 × H (ft) × W(ft) × L (ft)
Blade load (LCM) = 0.375 × H (m) × W (m) × L (m)
Total dozer cycle time is the sum of its:
fixed cycle time and
variable cycle time
Fixed cycle time represents the time required to:
maneuver,
change gears,
start loading, and
dump.
Variable cycle time is the time required to doze and return.
Since the haul distance is relatively short, a dozer usually returns
in reverse gear.
Some manufacturers provide dozer production estimating charts
for their equipment.

Typical dozer speeds

EXAMPLE
Estimate the production of the dozer that has the following
information:
 A power-shift crawler tractor has a rated blade capacity of 7.65
LCM.
 The dozer is excavating loose common earth and pushing it a
distance of 61 m.
 Maximum reverse speed in third range is 8 km/h.
 job efficiency is 50 min/h
Solution
Fixed time =0.05 min
Dozing speed = (4.0 km/h)
Dozing time = 61/(4 ×16.7) = 0.91 min
Note: 1 km/h =16.7 m/min.
Return time = 61/(8 × 16.7) = 0.45 min
Cycle time = 0.05+ 0.91+ 0.45= 1.41 min
Production = 7.65 × 50/1.41= 271 LCM/h]
Manufacturers of Dozers
CAT manufactures: - Caterpillar's track-type tractors, which
range in power from 57 kW (77 hp), 8 tons, to the 698 kW
(935 hp), 104 tons.
•Komatsu manufactures: - Komatsu dozers range in output from
43 to 1,150 hp
•John Deere: – With a range in power from 70 to 335 hp
•Terex, Volvo, camco……
1. Engine
2. torque converter (coupling) and steering brake
3. gear box
4. steering clutch
5. sprocket drive
6. chain
7. pushing frames
8. tilting piston
9. blade
10. lifting piston
11. ROPS cabin
12. ripper

• ROPS = Roll Over Protective Structure

• FOBS = Falling Objects Protective Structure
 Summary
• Dozer type
• Dozer power train types and basic structure
• Dozer steering system and final drive
• Undercarriage system
– Suspension
– Track
• The hydraulic system
• Dozer specification
• Not yet covered
– Engine (fuel system)
– production