CONTEMPRARY WORLD

Submitted by: Francine Angelika C. Tañedo

SBAC-1B
 Global Governance Issue
(Climate Change)
PHILIPPINES
 To meet its national development goal and
international commitments, the
government established crucial legal and
institutional frameworks for climate
mitigation and adaptation in the country.
Guided by the laws and strategies, climate
change mitigation and disaster risk
reduction measures have been included in
the Philippine Development Plan for 2017-
2022.
 In 2012, the Climate Change Act was
amended by Ra 10174, establishing the
People’s Survival Funds(PSF) to provide
ling-term climate financing for
government units and people’s
organizations’ climate adaptation
initiatives. The PSF was given php 1
billion, to be replenished annually.
THAILAND
 Thailand’s mitigation and adaptation
effosrts include a slow shift to organic
agriculture, a tsunami warning system
along the Andaman Sea, the
construction of a flood prevention wall
around Bangkook, and an Action Plan
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
from vehicles and energy use.
 In order to adapt to climate change
and address the increasing need for
further energy, Thailand has
implemented a demand-side
management program and an energy
conservation program.
 How
How China
China able
able to to cope
cope upup Covid
Covid 19
19 despite
despite
having
having itit first
first on
on their
their country?
country?
•
• China’s
China’spractices
practices(involving
(involvingactive
activecase
casesurveillance,
surveillance,rapid
rapidcase
casediagnosis
diagnosisand
andquarantine,
quarantine,strict
strictfollow-
follow-
up and quarantine of close contacts and issuance of guidance to help the public to understand
up and quarantine of close contacts and issuance of guidance to help the public to understand and and
adhere
adheretotocontrol
controlmeasures),
measures),plus
plusprompt
promptand andeffective
effectivehigh-level
high-levelpolicy
policydecision,
decision,complete
completeactivation
activation
ofofthe public health system, and full involvement of the society.
the public health system, and full involvement of the society.

•
• First,
First,strong
strongleadership
leadershipensured
ensuredthe theright
rightdirection
directionand
andstrategy
strategyininfighting
fightingcoronavirus.
coronavirus.Although
Althoughsomesome
may not be willing to admit it, there is no doubt that there was strong leadership from the
may not be willing to admit it, there is no doubt that there was strong leadership from the Communist Communist
Party
PartyofofChina
China(CPC).
(CPC).Premier
PremierLiLiKeqiang
Keqiangwas wasappointed
appointedtotohead
headthe
theLeading
LeadingGroup
Groupofofthe
theCPC
CPC
Central Committee on the Response to the virus outbreak. In times of the unexpected
Central Committee on the Response to the virus outbreak. In times of the unexpected COVID-19 COVID-19
outbreak,
outbreak,thetheCentral
CentralCommittee
Committeeofofthe theCommunist
CommunistPartyPartyofofChina
China(CPC)
(CPC)has
hasmaintained
maintainedits
itsgrasp
graspover
over
the situation while taking decisive actions. More than 4.6 million grassroots Party organisations
the situation while taking decisive actions. More than 4.6 million grassroots Party organisations led the led the
fight
fightononthe
theground
groundacross
acrossthe
thecountry.
country.
•
•
•
• Second,
Second,aacomprehensive
comprehensivemechanism
mechanismcould
couldfully
fullycope
copewith
withthe
theCOVID-19
COVID-19crisis.
crisis.Public
Publichealth
health
emergency is not only a serious health issue, but also "a complex economic, social, and
emergency is not only a serious health issue, but also "a complex economic, social, and political political
problem,"
problem,"which
whichneeds
needssystematic
systematicresponses.
responses.InInJanuary,
January,China
Chinaset
setupupthe
theJoint
JointPrevention
Preventionand andControl
Control
Mechanism
Mechanism of the State Council (JPCMSC) at the central government level, consisting of 32 agenciesand
of the State Council (JPCMSC) at the central government level, consisting of 32 agencies and
covering disease prevention and control, scientific research, publicity, foreign affairs, logistics
covering disease prevention and control, scientific research, publicity, foreign affairs, logistics support, support,
and
andfrontline
frontlinework.
work.The
Thetotal
totalnumber
numberofofconfirmed
confirmedcasescasesstands
standsatat85,297
85,297and
andthethedeath
deathtoll
tollatat4,634
4,634on
on
the Chinese mainland, while 391 asymptomatic patients are under medical
the Chinese mainland, while 391 asymptomatic patients are under medical observation.observation.

•
• Third,
Third,the
thebroad
broadsupport
supportwas
wascrucial
crucialtotobattle
battleagainst
againstCOVID-19.
COVID-19.This Thisisis"people's
"people'swar"
war"and
andeverybody
everybody
plays
plays a role in China. Mask-wearing, social distancing, self-isolation, and quarantine are effectiveways
a role in China. Mask-wearing, social distancing, self-isolation, and quarantine are effective ways
totoreduce
reducethe
thespread.
spread.However,
However,those
thosepractices
practicesneed
needindividual
individualdiscipline
disciplineandandfull
fullobedience.
obedience.
 How the italy are able to cope up the problem of
Covid-19
The
Thefirst
firstgovernment
governmentresponse
response(Italian
(ItalianCivic
CivicProtection,
Protection,2020)2020)focused
focusedmainly
mainlyon onthe
thesanitary
sanitarycrisis,
crisis,given
given
the
the available resources. On 23 February, in order to contain the spread of the virus, 11 Municipalitiesof
available resources. On 23 February, in order to contain the spread of the virus, 11 Municipalities of
Lombardy and 1 in Veneto were identified as ‘red zones’ by the first Decree
Lombardy and 1 in Veneto were identified as ‘red zones’ by the first Decree Law. The government Law. The government
established
establishedaaseries
seriesofofstrict
strictcontainment
containmentmeasures
measuresfor forthese
theseterritories:
territories:prohibition
prohibitionofofleaving,
leaving,suspension
suspension
of
of all events, educational services and schools of all levels, museums and public offices, commercialand
all events, educational services and schools of all levels, museums and public offices, commercial and
work/business
work/businessactivities
activitieswith
withthetheexception
exceptionofofthosethosethatthatprovide
provideessential
essentialservices.
services.Starting
Startingfrom fromMarch,
March,
the civil medical volunteers and other health care workers started to operate in
the civil medical volunteers and other health care workers started to operate in the most affected regions.the most affected regions.
New
Newhospitals
hospitalswerewerebuilt
builtand
andmany
manyhad hadbeen
beenconverted
convertedinto intoCOVID-19
COVID-19hospitals,
hospitals,with
withthethehelp
helpofofNGOs
NGOs
and thousands of volunteers. At the beginning of April, the emergency response
and thousands of volunteers. At the beginning of April, the emergency response commissioner announced commissioner announced
(Invitalia,
(Invitalia,2020)
2020)that
thatthe
theintensive
intensivecarecarebeds
bedsalmost
almostdoubled,
doubled,and andthose
thoseinindepartments
departmentsfor forinfection
infectionand and
respiratory diseases were four times more and €13 million were invested
respiratory diseases were four times more and €13 million were invested to start new production of to start new production of
personal
personalprotective
protectiveequipment.
equipment.The Thenational
nationalgovernment
governmentapprovedapprovedthe theintroduction
introductionofofUSCAUSCA(Special
(Special
Continuity
Continuity Assistance Units), to offer more specialised treatment for patients with no severe symptomsatat
Assistance Units), to offer more specialised treatment for patients with no severe symptoms
home
homeas assoon
soonas aspossible.
possible.The
TheMinistry
Ministryof ofHealth
Healthhas hasannounced
announcedthat thatmeasures
measurestotoenhance
enhancethe thecapacity
capacityof of
testing and tracing, as well as to potentiate the health services at the territorial level, will
testing and tracing, as well as to potentiate the health services at the territorial level, will be included in the be included in the
next
nextdecree,
decree,that
thatwill
willbe
beissued
issuedininthe
thesecond
secondhalfhalfofofMay.
May.TheTheMinistry
Ministryalso alsoannounced
announcedthe therecruitment
recruitmentofof
‘community’
‘community’nurses nursesandandsocial
socialworkers
workerstotoprovide
provideintegrated
integratedcare careon onthe
theterritory.
territory.AAset
setofofmeasures
measureshad had
the aim to support in particular micro, small and medium-sized enterprises
the aim to support in particular micro, small and medium-sized enterprises through the banking system, through the banking system,
for
foraccess
accesstotocredit
creditand
andsupport
supportfor forliquidity
liquidity(OECD
(OECDTrento,Trento,2020).
2020).Difficulties
Difficultieshave
havebeen
beenexperienced
experiencedinin
having
havingaccess
accesstotothis
thismoney,
money,mainly
mainlydue duetotothe
thelength
lengthofofbank
bankand andpublic
publicadministration’s
administration’sprocedures.
procedures.
Suspension
Suspension of payment obligations for taxes and fees and other fiscal obligations, incentivesfor
of payment obligations for taxes and fees and other fiscal obligations, incentives forworkplace
workplace
sanitation and rewards for employees that remain in service have been
sanitation and rewards for employees that remain in service have been issued (OECD Trento, 2020).issued (OECD Trento, 2020).
 Any other issues regarding global
Any other issues regarding global
governance
governance

Global
Global challenges
challenges
Poverty
Povertyand
andunderdevelopment
underdevelopment
Pandemics
Pandemicsandandother
otherpublic
publichealth
healthissues
issues
financial
financialregulations
regulations
 How other country able to cope up with the issues they're facing related
with global governance?

(i)
(i)Common
Commonbut butdifferentiated
differentiatedresponsibilities
responsibilitiesandandrespective
respectivecapacities:
capacities:This Thisprinciple
principlecalls
callsfor
forrecognizing
recognizing
differences among countries in terms of their contribution and historical responsibilities
differences among countries in terms of their contribution and historical responsibilities in generating in generating
common
commonproblems,
problems,as aswell
wellasasdivergences
divergencesininfinancial
financialand
andtechnical
technicalcapacities,
capacities,ininorder
ordertotoaddress
addressshared
shared
challenges. This principle also acknowledges the diversity of national circumstances
challenges. This principle also acknowledges the diversity of national circumstances and policy approaches and policy approaches
—a—adiversity
diversitywhich
whichshould
shouldbe beembedded
embeddedininthe thearchitecture
architectureofofglobal
globalgovernance
governanceas asananintrinsic
intrinsicfeature
featureofof
the
theglobal
globalcommunity,
community,not notas
asan
anexception
exceptiontotogeneral
generalrules.
rules.(ii)
(ii)Subsidiarity:
Subsidiarity:IssuesIssuesought
oughttotobe beaddressed
addressedatat
the
thelowest
lowestlevel
levelcapable
capableofofaddressing
addressingthem.
them.This
Thisprinciple
principleimplies
impliesthat thatsome
someproblems
problemscan canbe behandled
handledwell
well
and efficiently at the local, national, subregional and regional levels reducing the number
and efficiently at the local, national, subregional and regional levels reducing the number of issues that need of issues that need
totobe
betackled
tackledatatthe
theinternational
internationaland andsupranational
supranationallevel.
level.Subsidiarity
Subsidiaritysuggests
suggestsan animportant
importantrole rolefor
for
regional cooperation in addressing issues of mutual concern. (iii) Inclusiveness,
regional cooperation in addressing issues of mutual concern. (iii) Inclusiveness, transparency, transparency,
accountability:
accountability:Global
Globalgovernance
governanceinstitutions
institutionsneed
needtotobeberepresentative
representativeof, of,and
andaccountable
accountableto, to,the
theentire
entire
global community, while decision-making procedures need to be democratic,
global community, while decision-making procedures need to be democratic, inclusive and transparent. inclusive and transparent.
Robust
Robustgovernance
governanceimplies
impliesmutual
mutualaccountability,
accountability,verified
verifiedby bytransparent
transparentand andcredible
crediblemechanisms
mechanismsand and
processes to ensure that agreed commitments and duties are fulfilled. (iv) Coherence:
processes to ensure that agreed commitments and duties are fulfilled. (iv) Coherence: Definitions of global Definitions of global
rules
rulesand
andprocesses
processesneedneedtotorest
reston
oncomprehensive
comprehensiveapproaches,
approaches,including
includingthe theassessment
assessmentofofpossible
possibletrade-
trade-
offs, so that actions in different areas will not undermine or disrupt one another, but
offs, so that actions in different areas will not undermine or disrupt one another, but instead be mutually instead be mutually
reinforcing.
reinforcing.Enhanced
Enhancedcoherence
coherenceisisalso
alsoneeded
neededbetween
betweenthe theinternational
internationaland andnational
nationalspheres
spheresofof
policymaking.
policymaking.This Thisalso
alsorequires
requiresimproved
improvedcoordination
coordinationamongamongvariousvariousstakeholders
stakeholdersand andenhanced
enhanced
information
information sharing. (v) Responsible sovereignty: This principle recognizes that policy cooperationisisthe
sharing. (v) Responsible sovereignty: This principle recognizes that policy cooperation the
best way to achieve national interests in the global public domain. It also requires Governments
best way to achieve national interests in the global public domain. It also requires Governments and States and States
totobe
befully
fullyrespectful
respectfulofofthethesovereignty
sovereigntyofofother
othernations
nationsso soasastotofulfil
fulfilagreed
agreedpolicy
policyoutcomes.
outcomes.
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