IPE 323

Measurement & Instrumentation

Topic
Sensor and ADC
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Transformer
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LVDT
 The linear variable differential transformer,
generally referred to by the acronym LVDT, consists
of three coils symmetrically spaced along an
insulated tube.

 The central coil is the primary coil and the other two
are identical secondary coils which are connected in
series in such a way that their outputs oppose each
other.

 A magnetic core is moved through the central tube

as a result of the displacement being monitored.
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LVDT
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LVDT
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LVDT
 With the magnetic core central, the amount of magnetic
material in each of the secondary coils is the same. Thus the
e.m.f.s induced in each coil are the same. Since they are so
connected that their outputs oppose each other, the net result is
zero output.

 However, when the core is displaced from the central position

there is a greater amount of magnetic core in one coil than the
other, e.g. more in secondary coil 2 than coil 1. The result is
that a greater e.m.f. is induced in one coil than the other. There
is then a net output from the two coils.
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Eddy Current Proximity Sensors

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Eddy Current Proximity Sensors

 If a coil is supplied with an alternating current, an alternating
magnetic field is produced.
 If there is a metal object in close proximity to this alternating
magnetic field, then eddy currents are induced in it.
 The eddy currents themselves produce a magnetic field. This
distorts the magnetic field responsible for their production.
 As a result, the impedance of the coil changes and so does the
amplitude of the alternating current.
 They have the advantages of being relatively inexpensive,
small in size, with high reliability, and can have high
sensitivity to small displacements
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Pneumatic Sensor
 Pneumatic sensors involve the use of compressed air, displacement or
the proximity of an object being transformed into a change in air
pressure.
 Low-pressure air is allowed to escape through a port in the front of the
sensor. This escaping air, in the absence of any close-by object, escapes
and in doing so also reduces the pressure in the nearby sensor output
port.
 However, if there is a close-by object, the air cannot so readily escape
and the result is that the pressure increases in the sensor output port.
 The output pressure from the sensor thus depends on the proximity of
objects.
 Such sensors are used for the measurement of displacements of
fractions of millimeters in ranges which typically are about 3 to 12
mm.
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Pneumatic Sensor
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Proximity Switch
There are a number of forms of switch which can be activated
by the presence of an object in order to give a proximity
sensor with an output which is either on or off.

The micro switch is a small electrical switch which requires

physical contact and a small operating force to close the
contacts.

For example, in the case of determining the presence of an

item on a conveyor belt, this might be actuated by the weight
of the item on the belt depressing the belt and hence a spring-
loaded platform under it, with the movement of this platform
then closing the switch.
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Proximity Switch
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Piezoelectric Sensor
 Piezo is derived from the Greek word piezein, “to squeeze.”
Piezoelectric materials produce a voltage when strained.

 When pressure (stress) is applied to a material it creates a

strain or deformation in the material. In a piezoelectric
material this strain creates an electrical potential difference, a
voltage. The effect is reversible. When an electric potential is
applied across two sides of a piezoelectric material, it strains.
Both effects were discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie
in 1880-1. The piezoelectric effect is found in materials with
a specific electrical crystalline structure. These are known as
piezoelectric materials.
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Piezoelectric Sensor
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Analog Vs. Digital

Analog:
Analog: Value
Value that
that changes
changes with
with time
time (Continuous).
(Continuous). Signal
Signal
from
from different
different sensor,
sensor, light
light wave,
wave, electrical
electrical signal.
signal.

Digital:
Digital: Discrete
Discrete oror discontinuous.
discontinuous. Mostly
Mostly used
used by
by
computer.
computer. Basically
Basically in
in 0’s
0’s and
and 1’s.
1’s.
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Analog Vs. Digital