Structural Inspection

Purposes:
• Settlement & Structural damages
• Quality of Materials
• Geometry of existing structures
• Capacity of Existing structure
• Service Life
 Building Investigation
Hardness test
Strength
Tensile test
Rebars
Corrosion Half cell potential
Materials
Concrete Strength Schmidt’s hammer

Coring
Cracks Durability
Buildin Carbonation
g
Elevation
Investig
Geometry Chloride content
ation Vibration

Slab load test

Bore logging

Foundation Sizing
Piles
Structural Inspection

Methods:
1. Geometry Survey
 Visual Inspection
 Crack Mapping
 Elevation & Settlement
 Existing geometry

2. Concrete Quality
• Strength of Concrete
• Durability of Concrete; carbonation test, chloride content
Structural Inspection

Strength of Concrete
• Rebound/Schmidt Hammer Test (ASTM C805)
• Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test (ASTM C803)
• Core Sampling (ASTM C42)

Durability of Concrete
• Carbonation Test
• Chloride Test (ASTM C1152)
Structural Inspection

2. REBAR
• Strength
• Hardness Test
• Tension Test (ASTM E8)
• Placement
• Ferro Scan/ Cover meter Test
• Corrosion
• Half Cell Potential (ASTM876-91)
Structural Inspection

3. Foundation
• Pile Size
• Side Echo Test
• Footing
• Ground Opening
• Soil Test
• Plate Bearing Test (ASTM D1194)
• Pile Load Test (ASTM D3689-83)
• Soil Boring
Structural Inspection

4. Capacity of existing Structure

• Slab Load Test (ACI 318)

 1. Geometry
Survey
Visual Inspection

is a common method of data acquisition, measure real

physical property conditions, quality control, quality of
material and workmanship, material deterioration and 
initial data analysis, degree of damaged.
 1. Geometry
Survey
Crack Mapping

Crack pattern, size and position survey

 1. Geometry
Survey
Elevation & Settlement

Existing structure surveys in all direction

 Strength of Concrete
Rebound Hammer Test (ASTM C805)

Non-Destructive Testing comply with BS 1881: Past 202

“Recommendations for Surface Hardness Testing by
Rebound Hammer” and ASTM C805 “Rebound Number of Hardened
Concrete” with rebound Schmidt Hammer for determination of
Concrete Compressive Strength (fc’)
 Strength of Concrete
Ultrasonic Test (ASTM C8597-97)

Non-Destructive Testing by using Ultrasonic Pulse from transmitter size 54 kHz

(for general concrete) and receiver trough concrete structure for determination of
Concrete Compressive Strength (fc’)
Standard: BS 1881: Part 203“Testing Concrete. Recommendations for
Measurement of Velocity of Ultrasonic Pulses
in Concrete” และ ASTM C597-97: “Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity
Through Concrete”
 Strength of Concrete
Core Sampling(ASTM C42/42M)

Destructive Testing by drilled core sampling for determination of

Concrete Compressive Strength (fc’) comply with ASTM C42/C42M
“Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete”
Durability of Concrete
• Carbonation Test

Carbonation is a chemical reaction between gas carbon dioxide (CO2) and

settled cement paste cause Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O
To determine alkaline and acid condition of concrete by using Phoenophtalein
solvent to comply with RILEM Committee TC 56, 1998, “Measurement of
hardened concrete carbonation depth”, Draft
RILEM recommendation CPC-18, Material and Structure, Vol. 21 (126), pp.
453.
 Durability of Concrete
• Chloride Test (ASTM C1152)

Chemical method by determination of chemical reaction between

H2O, O2, and chloride ion in each depth of concrete structure comply
with ASTM C1152/C1152M-97 “Standard Test Method for Acid-Soluble
Chloride in Mortar and
Concrete” มาตรฐาน ว.ส.ท. 1014-46 ข้อกำหนดมาตรฐานวัสดุและการก่อสร้าง
สำหรับโครงสร้างคอนกรี ต ว.ส.ท. 1008-38
REBAR: STRENGTH
Hardness Test

Non-Destructive Testing the method uses the same concept of

Rebound Hammer Test to determine hardness of rebar
REBAR: STRENGTH
Hardness Test (ASTM E8)

Destructive Testing by cutting rebar sample testing in laboratory to

determine rebar tensile strength (fy)
 REBAR: Placement
Ferro Scan/ Cover meter Test

Method of testing by using Cover meter to measure electromagnetic wave

induced in rebar
 REBAR: Corrosion
Half-Cell Potential(ASTM 876-91)
Half-Cell Potential: Corrosion Analyzing Instrument comply with ASTM 876-
91 “Standard Test Method for Half-Cell Potentials of Uncoated Reinforcing
Steel in concrete”

Position marking Column: corrosion Test

Measure potential different

between rebar and concrete
surface

Beam: corrosion Test Wall: corrosion Test

FOUNDATION: Pile Size
Side Echo Test

To determine length of pile by Vibration Machine through footing and

pile
FOUNDATION: Footing
Ground Opening

To determine size of footing by ground opening during side echo test

 SOIL TEST
Plate Bearing Test (ASTM D1194)

To determine soil bearing capacity by applied counterweight on plate

bearing and record settlement value of soil
 SOIL TEST
Pile Load Test (ASTM D3689-83)

To determine bearing capacity of pile by applied counterweight directly

to pile cap and measured pile settlement in each step of loaded
 SOIL TEST
Soil Boring

to determine property of soil in each layer depend on its depth in

term of moisture content, compressive strength, density etc
Capacity of Existing Structure
Slab Load Test (ACI 318)

To determine load bearing capacity of slab by increasing weight step by

step and measure deflection of slab structure
Capacity of Existing Structure
Vibration Monitoring

To determine structural vibration by recording Peak Particle Velocity compared

with standard value of DIN 4150 standard
Capacity of Existing Structure
Bridge diagnostics Instruments Test - BDI

To determine load bearing capacity of bridge structure and its

stress and strain behavior after apply existing load compared
with design stage along with serviced life analysis.
Load test method to be applied, then using the result for re-
analysis by finite element method (FEM) model

Strain Transducer

Wheel base
position Auto-
Clicker setting
Accelerometer setting
 REPORT
Analysis & Evaluation

• Analysis and evaluation by using all data process to determine

quality and strength of material, structural capacity and serviced
life
• Propose maintenance method and budget
• Certified by Charter Engineer