INTRODUCTION TO

STATISTICS
A. Statistics (Meaning,
Types and other terms
C. Level of
used) Measurement

D. Sampling
B. Types of Data
Technique
A. Statistics (Meaning, Types and other
terms used)
 STATISTICS
- Statistics is the science of collection, organization,
analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data for
effective decision. (Pagala, 2011; Bueno, 2016)
- Statistics is a collection of methods for planning
experiments, obtaining data, and then analysis,
interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on the data.
(Alferez and Duro, 2006)
 TYPES OF
A. STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
It summarizes or describes the important characteristics
of a known set of data.
It is used to reveal patterns through the analysis of
numeric data. It describes data that have been collected.
 TYPES OF
B. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
STATISTICS
It uses sample data to make inferences about a
population. It consists of generalizing from samples to
populations, performing hypothesis testing, determining
relationships among variables, and making predictions.
It is used to draw conclusions and make predictions
based on the descriptions of the data.
 TERMS USED IN
• DATA
STATISTICS
These are the values that the variables can assume.
Data can be categorized into three ways:
a. as to nature
b. as to sources
c. as to manner of presentation
 TERMS USED IN
• VARIABLES
STATISTICS
Data being studied. It can assume any value.
There are different types of variables such as
independent, dependent, controlled, and etc.
 TERMS USED IN
• POPULATION
STATISTICS
It is the complete and entire collection of elements to be
studied.

• SAMPLING
It is a subset of population. It is performed so that the
population under study can be reduced to a manageable size.
 TERMS USED IN
• PARAMETER
STATISTICS
It is a numerical measurement describing some
characteristics of a population.

• STATISTIC
It is a numerical measurement describing some
characteristics of a sample.
B. Types of Data
 TYPES OF DATA

CONTINUOUS – data that

can be between two specific
DISCRETE – data that
values (such as decimal or
are countable. fractions). It is a measured
characteristics.
 TYPES OF
TYPES OF TYPES OF DATA AS TO
DATA AS TO DATA AS TO MANNER OF
PRESENTATIO
NATURE SOURCES N

PRIMARY-
UNGROUPED-
QUALITATIVE- personal encounters
data arranged or not
non-numeric data or experiences of a
arranged in a
person
particular order
QUANTITATIV SECONDARY-
E- numeric data GROUPED- data
works of other
presented in a FDT
persons
C. Level of Measurement
 LEVELS OF
• NOMINAL
MEASUREMENT
Data are just classified, categorized, or counted.

• ORDINAL
Data that may be arranged in orders or ranks.
 LEVELS OF
• INTERVAL
MEASUREMENT
Data with meaningful amount of distances or interval.
It has no true zero point.

• RATIO
An interval level of data modified to include the
inherent zero starting point. A true zero point exists.
D. Sampling Technique
 SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES

Non Random/ Non

Random/ Probability
Probability
- SIMPLE - PURPOSIVE
- SYSTEMATIC - QUOTA
- STRATIFIED - CONVENIENCE
- CLUSTER - JUDGMENT
 RANDOM SAMPLING/
PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
A random or probability sampling is one in which each
member of the population has an equal chance of being
selected.
 RANDOM SAMPLING/
PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
• SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
- This is done by using chance methods or random
numbers.

• SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING

- This is done by numbering each subject of the
population and then selecting every kth number.
 RANDOM SAMPLING/
PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
• STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
- Population is divided into several strata, then a simple random
or systematic sample is selected. Strata are homogenous.

• CLUSTER RANDOM SAMPLING

- Samples are based on clusters, then a simple random or
systematic sample is selected. Clusters are internally heterogenous.
 NON RANDOM SAMPLING/
NON PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
A non random or non probability sampling is one in
which some member of the population have a greater, but
unknown, chance of being selected.
 NON RANDOM SAMPLING/
NON PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
• PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
- Sample selected by the researcher subjectively.

• QUOTA SAMPLING
- This is done like stratified random sampling but
without the strata. What is important is that the required
number of sample is obtained.
 NON RANDOM SAMPLING/
NON PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
• CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
- Samples are selected at the convenience of the
researcher.

• JUDGMENT SAMPLING
- Samples are selected within the sound judgment of the
researcher.