RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY
Saturday | April 16, 2021
1:00-3:00 pm

Prof. MARK KEVIN A. VIDAR, LPT, MA, JD.

Topic: Research Approaches
• To differentiate qualitative from quantitative research approaches.
• To enumerate various kinds of qualitative and quantitative research.
• To determine sources of data in both approaches.
Research Approaches

• Research methods are split broadly into

quantitative and qualitative methods.
• Which you choose will depend on your
research questions, your underlying
philosophy of research, and your
preferences and skills.

Read more at:

https://www.skillsyouneed.com/learn/qua
ntitative-and-qualitative.html
Fundamental Distinctions

Qualitative research is multimethod

in focus, involving an interpretive,
Quantitative data is information naturalistic approach to its subject
about quantities, and therefore matter. This means that qualitative
numbers, and qualitative data is researchers study things in their
descriptive, and regards natural settings, attempting to make
phenomenon which can be observed sense of, or interpret, phenomena in
but not measured, such as language. terms of the meanings people bring
to them. Denzin and Lincoln (1994, p.
2)
Sources of Data (Quantitative)

The most • Surveys, whether conducted online, by phone or in

common person. These rely on the same questions being
asked in the same way to a large number of people;
sources of • Observations, which may either involve counting
the number of times that a particular phenomenon
quantitativ occurs, such as how often a particular word is used
in interviews, or coding observational data to
e data translate it into numbers; and
• Secondary data, such as company accounts.

include:
Sources of Data (Qualitative)

Sources of Qualitative Data

Although qualitative data is much more general than quantitative, there are still a
number of common techniques for gathering it. These include:
• Interviews, which may be structured, semi-structured or unstructured;
• Focus groups, which involve multiple participants discussing an issue;
• ‘Postcards’, or small-scale written questionnaires that ask, for example, three or
four focused questions of participants but allow them space to write in their own
words;
• Secondary data, including diaries, written accounts of past events, and company
reports; and
• Observations, which may be on site, or under ‘laboratory conditions’, for example,
where participants are asked to role-play a situation to show what they might do.
 • Survey Research - Survey Research is the
most fundamental tool for all quantitative
outcome research methodologies and
studies. Surveys used to ask questions to a
sample of respondents, using various types
Kinds of such as online polls, online surveys, paper
Quantitative questionnaires, web-intercept surveys, etc.
• Cross-Sectional Research- observational
Research surveys conducted in situations where the
researcher intends to collect data from a
sample of the target population at a given
point in time. Researchers can evaluate
various variables at a particular time.
Kinds of Quantitative Research

Longitudinal surveys-Longitudinal surveys are also observational surveys

but, unlike cross-sectional surveys, longitudinal surveys are conducted
across various time durations to observe a change in respondent behavior
and thought-processes.

Correlational research- A comparison between two entities is invariable.

Correlation research is conducted to establish a relationship between two
closely-knit entities and how one impacts the other and what are the
changes that are eventually observed.
Kinds of
Qualitative
Research
Ethnographic
Research
It immerses subjects in a culture that is unfamiliar to them.
Unlike grounded theory, the case study model provides an in-depth look at one
test subject. The subject can be a person or family, business or organization, or
a town or city. Data is collected from various sources and compiled using the
details to create a bigger conclusion.
Grounded Theory Method
tries to explain why a course of action evolved the way it did.
Grounded theory looks at large subject numbers. Theoretical
models are developed based on existing data in existing modes
of genetic, biological or psychological science.
Historical Model

describes past events in

order to understand
present patterns and
anticipate future choices.
This model answers
questions based on a
hypothetical idea and then
uses resources to test the
idea for any potential
deviations.
Narrative
Model

occurs over extended periods of

time and compiles information
as it happens. Like a story
narrative, it takes subjects at a
starting point and reviews
situations as obstacles or
opportunities occur, although the
final narrative doesn't always
remain in chronological order.
Research • The relationship between crime statistics
and immigration.

Topics • The impact of education on obesity.

• The relationship between electoral
under results and consumer confidence.
• What are the issues faced by Uber? ...
Quantitative • The link between competitive risk
assignment and estimated target
Research market.
 • What have been the impacts of
China’s one child policy?
• How does the US education system

Research compare to education systems in other

countries?

Topics under • What impact does mandatory physical

education classes have on students’
health?

Quantitative • Which methods are most effective at

reducing bullying in schools?

Research • Do homeschoolers who attend college

do as well as students who attended
traditional schools?
• What impact has the Affordable Care
Act had on healthcare in the US?
Mixed Method
Approach
The term “mixed methods” refers to an
emergent methodology of research that
advances the systematic integration, or
“mixing,” of quantitative and qualitative data
within a single investigation or sustained
program of inquiry. Integrating the data
during data collection, analysis, or
discussion.
References

https://www.skillsyouneed.com/learn/quantitative-and-qualitati
ve.html

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/qualitative-quantitative-r
esearch/

https://www.questionpro.com/blog/quantitative-research/

https://www.simplypsychology.org/qualitative-quantitative.html

https://pcmh.ahrq.gov/page/mixed-methods-integrating-
quantitative-and-qualitative-data-collection-and-analysis-while