Trade of vaccines in African region: Impact and Analysis

Himanshu Parihar 211510023747

PESTLE ANALYSIS OF TRADE OF VACCINES IN THE GLOBAL MARKET
PESTLE ANALYSIS OF TRADE OF VACCINES IN THE GLOBAL MARKET

POLITICAL
POLITICAL ECONOMIC
ECONOMIC SOCIAL
SOCIAL TECHNOLOGI
TECHNOLOGI LEGAL
LEGAL ENVIRONME
ENVIRONME
CAL
CAL NT
NT

• Type of economic • Demographics and • Recent • Weather

• Political stability and • Anti-trust law in
system in countries skill level of the technological
importance of covid vaccine industry • Climate change
of operation – what population developments by and overall in the
trade sector in the
type of economic Covid Vaccines Inc. country. • Laws regulating
country's economy. • Class structure,
system there is and competitors • Discrimination environment pollution
hierarchy and power
• Risk of military how stable it is. law
structure in the • Technology's impact • Air and water pollution
invasion • Copyright, patents
• Government society. on product offering regulations in
/ Intellectual
• Level of corruption - intervention in the Biotechnology industry
• Education level as • Impact on cost property law
especially levels of free market and • Consumer
well as education structure in Vaccine • Recycling
regulation in Healthcare related Healthcare protection and e-
standard in the technology industry
sector. commerce • Waste management in
• Exchange rates & COVID-19 Vaccines
• Impact on value • Employment law Healthcare sector
• Bureaucracy and stability of host Inc. ’s industry
chain structure in • Health and safety
interference in vaccine country currency. • Attitudes toward
• Culture (gender roles, Healthcare sector law
industry by government. “green” or ecological
• Infrastructure social conventions • Data Protection
• Rate of products
• Legal framework for quality in vaccine etc.)
technological
contract enforcement industry
• Leisure interests diffusion
SWOT ANALYSIS OF TRADE OF VACCINES IN AFRICAN NATIONS
WEAKNESS
• Data collection largely still paper
based in Africa
• No robust monitoring & evaluation
systems in place.
• Poor communication between
vaccine provider and general mass
lead to disaster.
• Need to urgently address all
concerns about perceived vaccine
safety, and be ready to conduct
prompt, high-quality outbreak
investigations
OPPORTUNITIES
• We need to better understand local
and contextual factors leading
unvaccinated and under-vaccinated
children in our individual countries
• Several global SRs have been
conducted: – Non-vaccination and
under-vaccination is a significant
problem – Multiplicity of causes
(from individual to societal)
highlights the complexity of the
issue.
• Need to invest in robust M&E and
data collection systems
COVID SITUATION IN NIGERIA
STRENGTH
• African countries rely on GAVI for
funding their EPI programs -
performance-based system measured
using WHO estimates and indicators -
Supports introduction of new vaccines
• WHO AFRO
• WHO Task Force on Immunization
• Many other donors supporting vaccines
and vaccination programs
THREATS
• Prohibition of mass gatherings,
prompt hospitalization, isolation,
and quarantine of infected
individual.
1
Quick Recovery
2
Global Slowdown
3
Economic recession
• Prohibition of all wildlife trade to • Global and regional
•Adverse effects to end Q1 •Adverse effects linger till
effectively prevent viral economies will be unable
2020 end of Q3, 2020
prevalence. to recover in 2020.
• Repurposing proven Antimalarial/
•Global and regional •Most regions will experience
Antiviral/ anti-inflammatory drugs. •China will suffer least,
economies recover quickly between 20% and 22% GDP
• Deployment of rapid laboratory while the EU will be most
and still achieve the slow down, except Sub-
equipment and procedure impacted.
growth rates projected Saharan Africa that will
earlier in the year dampen by only 9.5%
PROCESS TO SOLVE SIMULATOR

METHOD:
 
• First I found out the maximum number of wave
allowed on sea from provider to another i.e. France to
Angola:
shipping time = 11.5 days, total shipping period = 40
No waves allowed = = 3.61

(Assumption is that only whole number of waves are

accounted, here .61 is ignored as only containers move if
one wave of container reaches shore)
• Maximum container on any route.
• From provider countries total container which can be
sent i.e.
[930 France 750 UK 420 US 510 RUSSIA]
• Maximum cost which can occur on any given route also
calculated on 2nd row 1st table.
• Now to simplify the problem I used maximum wave
table as my variable { as cost is calculated by
considering the number of waves allowed }. Only
variable is maximum wave allowed table { 2nd row 2nd
table.
• 3rd row first table is derived using the variable table.

• Now look at the variable table It has become an

optimization problem of 10*4 matrix where each column
and each row sum should be equal to the given (green
number)
• Constraints are on variable table are that maximum wave
allowed on any route can not be more than the fixed
table entries of 1st row 2nd table.
• Then used solver to get desired solution.
 THANK YOU

References:
• http://www.vacfa.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/210/AAVC2010-lecture-slides/Shingai%20-Vaccination%20Programmes%20in%20Africa.pdf
• https://ir.library.louisville.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1095&context=jri
• https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0248189
• https://graphics.reuters.com/world-coronavirus-tracker-and-maps/countries-and-territories/nigeria/