Colligative Properties of

Aqueous Solution

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 Types of Colligative Properties
1) Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure

2) Elevation in Boiling Point

3) Depression in freezing point

4) Osmotic Pressure

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 1) Relative Lowering of Vapour
Pressure

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 When a non-volatile solute added to pure
solvent the vapour pressure of solution
decreases, this phenomenon is called
lowering of vapour pressure.
It is denoted with
P

P  P  P
o s

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 The ratio between lowering of vapour
pressure of solution to the vapour
pressure of pure solvent called RLVP

P P  P o s
RLVP  o  O
P P

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 Raoult’s Law: Solid in Liquid
(Non- Electrolyte)
P P
o s

O
 XB
P
P P
o s
nB

P O
nA  nB
For a dilute solution
P o  P s nB m  M A
O
 
P nA 1000
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 P P
o s
nB
S

P nA
P P
o s
m M A
S

P 1000

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 Raoult’s Law: Electrolyte

Po  P s
o
 i X B  dilute solution 
P
P P
o s
inB
  Concentrated solution 
P 0
inB  nA

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 2) Elevation in Boiling Point:

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 Boiling Point: The temperature at
which vapour pressure of solution is
equal to atmospheric pressure called
Boiling

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 Vapour pressure of solution is equal to
(atm pressure such boiling point is called
“Normal Boiling Point”

Vapour Pressure of solution is equal to 1

bar pressure such boiling point is called
“Standard Boiling Point”

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 When a non volatile solute is
added to a pure solvent the
boiling point of solution increases
this is known as elevation in
boiling point  Tb 

Tb  T  T b
s
b
o

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 Tb  kb  m  Non electrolyte 
Tb  ikb  m  electrolyte 
kb  Ebulioscopic constant

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 3) Depression in Freezing Point:

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 The temperature at which both the
vapour pressure of liquid and solid
are said to be in equilibrium state
known as freezing point

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 When a non volatile solute is
added to the pure solvent the
freezing point of solution decreases
this phenomenon is called
depression in freezing point
 T 
f

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 T f  T  T
f
o
f
s

T  Freezing point of solvent

f
o

T  Freezing point of solution

s
f

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 T f  k f m  Non electrolyte 
T f  ik f m  Electrolyte 
k f  cryoscopic constant

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 4) Osmotic Pressure

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 Semipermiable Membrane:- The
membrane which allows only solvent
molecules but not solute molecules
known as semipermiable membrane
Ex:- Cellophone bag
Parchment paper
Pig’s blandder

Cu2  Fe  CN  6  , Cell membrane

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 Osmotic Pressure:
The pressure which is exerted on the
solution in order to stop Osmosis called
Osmotic pressure, which is denoted with


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 Van’t hoff’s Boyle’s Law
1
   at constant 
v
Van’t hoff’s Charle’s Law
  T  at constant V 
Van’t hoff’s avbgardro’s Law

  n  at constant V and T 
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 1

V
T
n
nt

V
 nt

V
  v  nsT

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 S = Universal solution constant

1 1
S  0.0821Water k mol
1 1
 8.314 J k mol
1 1
 1.98 cal k mol

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 Isotonic Solutions: Solutions has same
osmotic pressure
Hypertonic solution: Solution has more
 Solution: Solution has less
Hypotomic

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   CST  Non electrolyte 
  iCST  Electrolyte 

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 Reverse Osmosis

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 The movement of solvent particles
from high concentration to low
concentration solution through
semipermeable membrane known as
reverse osmosis

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