“This is a quote, words full of wisdom that

someone important said and can make the

reader get inspired.”
—SOMEONE FAMOUS
CARDIOPULMON
ARY DISEASE
A range of conditions that affect the heart and
lungs.

SARENO, PHOEBE JOY D.

 I.
COPD
a chronic inflammatory lung disease that
causes obstructed airflow from the lungs
 CAUSES
Cigarette smoke

Irritants- cigar smoke, secondhand smoke, pipe smoke, air pollution, and workplace exposure to
dust, smoke or fumes

Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. In about 1% of people with COPD, the disease results from a

genetic disorder that causes low levels of a protein called alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAt). AAt is made in the
liver and secreted into the bloodstream to help protect the lungs. Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency can
cause liver disease, lung disease or both.
I. COPD (SYMPTOMS)
 I. COPD (MANAGEMENT)
Medical Management
· Smoking cessation, if appropriate.
· Bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and other drugs (eg, alpha1-antitrypsin
augmentation therapy, antibiotic agents, mucolytic agents, antitussive agents,
vasodilators, narcotics).
· Oxygen therapy, including nighttime oxygen.
Nursing Management
Nursing management of patients suffering from this disease is aimed at
helping to control individual patient’s symptoms and improve their quality of life
Like:
· Monitor the patient for dyspnea and hypoxemia.
· Instruct the patient in directed or controlled coughing.
· administer the medications properly and be alert for potential side effects.
· Encourage patient to eliminate or reduce all pulmonary irritants, particularly
cigarette smoking.
 II.
ARRHYTM
IA
problem with the rate or rhythm of your
heartbeat
 II. ARRHYTMIA

occurs when the electrical

impulses that coordinate your
heartbeats don't work properly,
causing your heart to beat too
fast, too slow or irregularly.
MAYBE YOU NEED TO DIVIDE THE CONTENT
 SYMPTOMS

A fluttering in your chest

A racing heartbeat (tachycardia)
A slow heartbeat (bradycardia)
Chest pain
Shortness of breath
Anxiety
Fatigue
Lightheadedness or dizziness
Sweating
Fainting (syncope) or near fainting
 II. ARRHYTMIA (MANAGEMENT)

Medical Management
· Medications. 
Amiodarone Propafenone
Calcium channel blockers. interrupting the movement of calcium into heart
and blood vessel tissue.
Beta-blockers. decrease the heart rate and cardiac output, which lowers
blood pressure
Anticoagulants
· Cardioversion
A shock is delivered to the heart through paddles or patches on chest. The
current affects the electrical impulses in the heart and can restore a normal
rhythm.
· Catheter ablation.
Electrodes at the catheter tips can use heat, extreme cold or radiofrequency
energy to damage (ablate) a small spot of heart tissue and create an electrical
block along the pathway that's causing the arrhythmia.
IMPLANTABLES
· Pacemaker
helps control abnormal heart rhythms.
· Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).
A battery-powered unit that's implanted under the skin near the collarbone.
ICD continuously monitors heart rhythm.
SURGERY
· Maze procedure. 
In the maze procedure, a surgeon makes a series of surgical incisions in the
heart tissue in the upper half of your heart (atria) to create a pattern or maze
of scar tissue.

· Coronary bypass surgery.

This procedure may improve the blood flow to your heart..
Nursing Management
Auscultation of heart sounds, record the frequency, rhythm. Note the extra
heart rate, decreased pulse.
Monitor vital signs and examine the adequacy of cardiac output /
reperfusion.
Demonstrate / encourage the use of stress management behaviors such as
deep breathing relaxation, guided imagery.
Provide supplemental oxygen as indicated.
Investigate reports of pain, note the location, duration, intensity and factor
relievers / ballast. Note the non-verbal instructions pain examples wrinkle
face, crying, changes in blood pressure.
Give the drug as indicated: potassium, anti-dysrhythmias.
Help installing / maintaining the pacemaker function.
Enter / maintain input IV.
Prepare for invasive diagnostic procedures.
Prepare for the installation of automatic cardioverter or defibrillator
 III.
MYOCARDIAL
INFARCTION
one or more areas of the heart muscle don't get
enough oxygen
 III. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

formation of necrotic areas within the

myocardium.
Prolonged ischemia: lasting 35 to 45
mins produces an irreversible cellular
damage and necrosis of the
myocardium
 CAUSES

buildup of fatty deposits, including

cholesterol, form substances called
plaques, which can narrow the
arteries
 III. MI (MANAGEMENT)

Medical Management
· Medications. 
Analgesics: Relieve Pain(priority) eg. Morphine Sulfate , Nitroglycerine,
Lidocaine
Thrombolytic therapy eg. Disintegrate blood clots, Streptokinase,
urokinase,TPA, Anticoagulant and anti-platelet.
Other meds eg. Diazepam (valium)
Nursing Management
Promote oxygenation and Tissue perfusion
Avoid fatigue
O2 therapy
Semi-fowlers
Monitor the ECG, VS, effects of daily activities, and rate and rhythm of pulse
Promote rest and minimize unnecessary disturbance
Promote comfort
Relieve pain
Provide psychosocial support to client and family
Promote Activity
Monitor signs of dysrhythmias during activity
Promote Nutrition and Elimination
Small frequent feedings
Low calorie, cholesterol and Na diet
Avoid stimulants
Avoid very hot and cold foods
 IV.
CONGESTIVE
HEART
FAILURE
heart muscle doesn't pump blood as well as it
should
 IV. CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

Certain conditions, such as narrowed

arteries in your heart (coronary artery
disease) or high blood pressure,
gradually leave your heart too weak or
stiff to fill and pump efficiently.
 CAUSES

Heart failure often develops after

other conditions have damaged or
weakened your heart. However, the
heart doesn't need to be weakened to
cause heart failure. It can also occur if
the heart becomes too stiff.
IV. CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (MANAGEMENT)

Medical Management
· Pharmacologic Therapy. 
ACE Inhibitors.
slow the progression of HF, improve exercise tolerance, decrease the number
of hospitalizations for HF, and promote vasodilation and diuresis by
decreasing afterload and preload.
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers.
ARBs block the conversion of angiotensin I at the angiotensin II receptor and
cause decreased blood pressure, decreased systemic vascular resistance, and
improved cardiac output.

Beta Blockers.
Beta blockers reduce the adverse effects from the constant stimulation of the
sympathetic nervous system.
Diuretics. Diuretics
are prescribed to remove excess extracellular fluid by increasing the rate of
urine produced in patients with signs and symptoms of fluid overload.

Calcium Channel Blockers.

CCBs cause vasodilation, reducing systemic vascular resistance but
contraindicated in patients with systolic HF.
Nursing Management
Promoting activity tolerance. A total of 30 minutes of physical activity every
day should be encouraged, and the nurse and the physician should collaborate to
develop a schedule that promotes pacing and prioritization of activities.

Managing fluid volume. The patient’s fluid status should be monitored closely,
auscultating the lungs, monitoring daily body weight, and assisting the patient to
adhere to a low sodium diet.
Controlling anxiety. When the patient exhibits anxiety, the nurse should promote
physical comfort and provide psychological support, and begin teaching ways to
control anxiety and avoid anxiety-provoking situations.

Minimizing powerlessness. Encourage the patient to verbalize their concerns

and provide the patient with decision-making opportunities.
 V.
ISCHEMIA
decreased blood flow and oxygen to the heart
muscle.
 V. ISCHEMIA

is any reduction in blood flow resulting in

decreased oxygen and nutrient supplies to a
tissue. Ischemia may be reversible, in which
case the affected tissue will recover if blood
flow is restored, or it may be irreversible,
resulting in tissue death.
 CAUSES

decrease in blood supply to a tissue or

organ. Blood flow can be blocked by
a clot, an embolus, or constriction of
an artery. It can occur due to gradual
thickening of the artery wall and
narrowing of the artery, as
in atherosclerosis. Trauma can also
disrupt blood flow.
V. SCHEMIA (MANAGEMENT)
Medical Management
· Pharmacologic Therapy. 
Morphine administered in IV boluses is used for MI to reduce pain and
anxiety.
ACE Inhibitors. ACE inhibitors prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to
angiotensin II to decrease blood pressure and for the kidneys to secrete
sodium and fluid, decreasing the oxygen demand of the heart.
Thrombolytics. 
Thrombolytics dissolve the thrombus in the coronary artery, allowing blood
to flow through the coronary artery again, minimizing the size of the
infarction and preserving ventricular function.
Nursing Management
Administer oxygen along with medication therapy to assist with relief of
symptoms.
Encourage bed rest with the back rest elevated to help decrease chest discomfort
and dyspnea.
Encourage changing of positions frequently to help keep fluid from pooling in
the bases of the lungs.
Check skin temperature and peripheral pulses frequently to monitor tissue
perfusion.
Provide information in an honest and supportive manner.
Monitor the patient closely for changes in cardiac rate and rhythm, heart sounds,
blood pressure, chest pain, respiratory status, urinary output, changes in skin
color, and laboratory values.
 VI.
ANGINA
chest pain or discomfort caused when your
heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen-rich
blood
 VI. ANGINA

Chest pain that happens because there isn't

enough blood going to part of your heart. It
can feel like a heart attack, with pressure or
squeezing in your chest. It’s sometimes
called angina pectoris or ischemic chest
pain.
 CAUSES

Angina is caused by reduced blood

flow to your heart muscle. Your blood
carries oxygen, which your heart
muscle needs to survive. 
VI. ANGINA (MANAGEMENT)
Medical Management
· Oxygen therapy.
is usually initiated at the onset of chest pain in an attempt to increase the
amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium and reduce pain.
VI. ANGINA (MANAGEMENT)
Medical Management
· Pharmacologic Therapy .
Nitroglycerin 
gives long-term and short-term reduction of myocardial oxygen consumption
through selective vasodilation within three (3) minutes.
Beta-blockers reduces myocardial oxygen consumption by blocking beta-
adrenergic stimulation of the heart.
Calcium channel blockers 
have negative inotropic effects.

Antiplatelet medications
prevent platelet aggregation, and anticoagulants prevent thrombus formation.
Nursing Management
Treating angina. The nurse should instruct the patient to stop all activities and sit
or rest in bed in a semi-Fowler’s position when they experience angina, and
administer nitroglycerin sublingually.
Reducing anxiety. Exploring implications that the diagnosis has for the patient
and providing information about the illness, its treatment, and methods of
preventing its progression are important nursing interventions.
Preventing pain. The nurse reviews the assessment findings, identifies the level
of activity that causes the patient’s pain, and plans the patient’s activities
accordingly.

Decreasing oxygen demand. Balancing activity and rest is an important aspect

of the educational plan for the patient and family.
FIN