Air Quality and Global Warming

Atmosphere

• Atmosphere of the earth refers to

the layer of air that surrounds the
solid crust of the earth.
• It extents as far as 1600
kilometers above the surface of
earth.
• The atmosphere is made of gasses
such as nitrogen (78%), oxygen
(21%), carbon dioxide (0.04%),
hydrogen, water vapor, ozone, and
the wind.
 Air Pollution
• Air pollution may be defined as any atmospheric condition in
which certain substances are present in such concentrations that
they can produce undesirable effects on man and his environment
• These substances include
• Gases: sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons etc.
• Particulate matter: smoke, dust, fumes, aerosols
• Radioactive materials and many others
•Contribution to air pollution:
–Carbon monoxide - 48%
–Nitrogen oxides - 8%
–Hydro carbons - 15%
–Sulfur dioxides - 15%
– Particulate - 14%
 What is Air Quality Index (AQI)?
• The AQI is a tool for reporting daily air quality of any city or country.
It tells how clean or polluted the air is, and what associated health
effects might be a concern for public.

• In Bangladesh the AQI is based on 5 criteria pollutants; Particulate

Matter (PM10 and PM2.5), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Carbon monoxide
(CO), Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and Ozone (O3). The Department of
Environment (DoE) has set national ambient air quality standards for
these pollutants.

• The AQI value runs from 0 to 500. The higher the AQI value, the
greater the level of air pollution and the greater the health concern.
 How does the AQI work?
• Think of the AQI value as a yardstick (table) that runs from
0 to 500.
• The higher the AQI value, the greater the level of air
pollution and the greater the health concern.
• For example, an AQI of 50 represents good air quality with
little potential to affect public health, while an AQI value of
300 represents hazardous air quality.
• An AQI value of 100 generally corresponds to the national
air quality standard for the pollutant, which is the level
that set by the mandated Environment Protection Agency
(e.g., for Bangladesh Department of Environment) to
protect public health
• Now carefully look at an example of AQI report of Dhaka city
collected by the US Embassy on 5th February 2020 which has been
provided below.
• Note that data from a single monitoring station cannot be applied
to an entire city. Therefore, air quality data collected at one
monitor station may differ from other monitors located in the
same cities.

Question 1: Look at the AQI value for any five city (Including
Dhaka) today and write it down with health message and
compare. https://www.airvisual.com/
 Global Warming
• Greenhouse Effect: Some gases in Earth's atmosphere i.e. water
vapor, carbon dioxide, methane trap some heat that is coming from
the sun and thereby making the Earth warmer.
In trapping heat, the gases act like a greenhouse, which is why
they are known as Greenhouse Gases (GHG). Accordingly, the effect
is called the Greenhouse Effect.

• Global warming is defined as a natural or

human induced increase in the average
global temperature of the atmosphere near
the Earth's surface.
The most prominent cause behind global warming
is man-made pollution. A large part of this pollution
can be attributed to the burning of fossil fuels. 8
 Consequences/Effects of Global
Increased Temperature Warming
Changes in Water Supply Crop destruction

Rising Sea Level

Reasons of Sea Level
Rise Global Warming

Habitat Damage and

Species Affected
Melting of Thermal
Ice Caps and Expansion of
Glaciers Sea Water
 Thermal Expansion of Water
• Water molecules are always in motion. When heat is applied that motion will
increase and the molecules will spread out.
• The surface temperature of ocean water is affected by air temperature.
Globally, ocean water is 4oC on average. If average surface temperature
increases (the air temperature near Earth’s surface), ocean temperatures also
increase.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jy7n7_8B8DE : particle movement
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHhvaUdWfDI : increase of volume
• According to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2004), Earth’s average
surface temperature increased by 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] O C, over the period 1880 to 2012. This
temperature is expected to increase by an additional 1.8-4.0 0 C by the year 2100 (relative to
2000). The increase in air temperature causes a rise in sea level rise as well. For the period
1961-2003, global sea level rose an average of 1.8mm per year (total of 75 mm, or 7.5 cm),
and it is expected to rise by another 0.2-0.6 m (20-60 cm) by the year 2100 (IPCC, 2014).
 Thermal Expansion of Water (contd..)
• Density is mass divided by volume (ρ=m/v),The approximate density
of water is 1 g/mL, 1 g/cm3, or 1000 kg/m3. Thermal expansion
refers to the fact that, above 40 C, as temperature increases, water
expands. In other words, water becomes less dense; a given mass
of water will occupy a greater volume.
 Task
• Step 1: Weigh the empty 100 mL volumetric flask on the balance
(show all figures after the decimal point- don’t round).
• Step 2: Pour 100 mL water in the volumetric flask. Volumetric
flasks have a line marked on the neck of the flask. When the
bottom of the meniscus is at the line, the flask contains its stated
volume of liquid. We fill a volumetric flask to the mark in two steps:
• First use a beaker to quickly add liquid to a level below the mark.
• Then, holding the flask so the mark is at eye level, use a pipet to
carefully transfer liquid from the beaker into the flask until the
bottom of the meniscus is exactly at the mark.
 Task (contd..)
• Step
  3: Weigh the volumetric flask and the 100 mL of water in it.
• Step 4: Subtract the mass of the flask from the mass of the flask +
water to get the mass of the water only.
• Step 5: Calculate the density of your water at room temperature by
using the formula below.
density (d)= = Remember that 1cm3 is equivalent to 1mL.

 
 Questions for the Lab Report
Question 2: Fill in the information in Table 2.

Table 2: Measurements and reading for calculating the density of

water

Parameters Measurements and calculations

Volume of water (mL)  100

Mass of flask (g)  57.81
Mass of flask (g) + water  157.81
(g)
Mass of water (g)  
Density of water (g/mL)  
• 
Question 3. The approximate volume of water in the world’s oceans is
1.35X1024 cubic cm. Assume that this is the same temperature as your
room-temperature. Calculate the mass of this much water.
Hints: Use the density you calculated for water at room temperature in
Question 2. (Show your work and show the equation you used for your
calculations.)
density (d)= , so mass = density x volume

Question 4. Now using the mass you obtained in Question 3 and the
known density of water at 400 C (0.9922 g/cm3), compute the volume
of that mass of water. Show your work and show the equation you
used for your calculations.
 
density (d)= so volume =
Question 5. Translate your answer from Question 4 into an estimate
of sea-level rise that would result from such a temperature increase
from room temperature to 400C.
Hints: Think of the world oceans as a large box to simplify this
calculation. Given that the surface area of the oceans is 3.61 x 1018
cm2, calculate the depth (in m) for the ocean at the two water
temperatures that you measured (room temperature and 400C).
Volume at room temperature is 1.35 x 1024 cm3 and volume at 400 C
is the volume you got in Question 4.
The volume of the box (world ocean) = surface area of the oceans *
the depth of the box

Question 6. Write down some impacts of sea level rise in Bangladesh.