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P1 Chapter 4::: Graphs & Transformations
P1 Chapter 4::: Graphs & Transformations
Transformations
jfrost@tiffin.kingston.sch.uk
www.drfrostmaths.com
@DrFrostMaths
Resulting Resulting
Equation
If Shape
If Shape
2 As
As
𝑦=𝑎 𝑥 +𝑏𝑥+ 𝑐 As As
As
As
As ?
As ?
4 3
𝑦=𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑥
As
As ?
As
As ?
As
𝑦=𝑎 𝑥 5 4
+𝑏 𝑥 +… As
As
? As ?
If , what therefore can we say about the shape if:
(And we have the
•
•
?
The order is odd: It goes uphill (from left to right) opposite if )
The order is even: The tails go upwards. ?
Cubics
Sketch the curve with equation Sketch the curve with equation
-intercept?
If
?
𝑦 𝑦
? Final
-1 sketch
1 2 𝑥 ? Final sketch1 𝑥
-2
Fro Tip: It’s incredibly
easy to forget to write in
one of the intercepts. So
don’t!
Cubics
Sketch the curve with equation Sketch the curve with equation
Shape? Uphill. ?
Roots? Either
(giving root of -1) or .
This does not have any solutions as the discriminant is -3.
Thus -1 is the only root. ?
-intercept?
1 ?
We don’t have enough information to
determine the exact shape. It could for
𝑦 example have been:
However, in Chapter 12,
-1 𝑥
Finding the equation yourself
Edexcel C1 May 2013(R) Q9
?
Test Your Understanding
3 A curve has this shape, touches the
1 Sketch the curve with equation axis at 3 and crosses the axis at -2.
Give a suitable equation for this
graph.
𝑦
2
𝑦= ( 𝑥 − 3
?) ( 𝑥 +2 )
Crosses
Point of Touches
-axis -axis
inflection
Extension 2
[MAT 2011 1A] A sketch of the graph
[MAT 2012 1E] Which one of the appears on which of the following axis?
1
following equations could possibly
have the graph given below?
(a) (b)
A) (c) (d)
B)
C)
Cubics can sometimes be factorised by pairing
D)
the terms: (c) ?
Solution: D?
Recap
Sketch the curve with equation Sketch the curve with equation
Shape: ?
Tails upwards
Shape: ?
Tails downwards
Roots: -1, 0, 2, 3 ? Roots: -1, 2, 3
-intercept: 0 ? 2 is repeated. ?
-intercept: ?
𝑦
𝑦
12
? ?
𝑥
-1 2 3
-1 2 3 𝑥
Quartics
Sketch the curve with equation Sketch the curve with equation
𝑦
𝑦
16
? ?2 𝑥
-1 1 𝑥
-1
Test Your Understanding
Sketch the curve with equation Sketch the curve with equation
𝑦 𝑦
27
? ?
-1 1 𝑥 -1 3 𝑥
Exercise 4B
Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS
Pages 65-66
Extension
1 [STEP
I 2012 Q2a]
a. Sketch
b. For what values of does the equation have the following number of distinct roots
(i) 0, (ii) 1, (iii) 2, (iv) 3, (v) 4.
a) factorising, . This is a quartic, where is
By b) By
changing , we shift the
always positive, and has repeated roots at : graph up and down. Then we
can see that:
i) ?
0 roots: When
? ii) ?
1 root: Not possible.
iii) 2 roots: When
iv) 3 roots: ?
v) 4 roots: ?
?
GCSE RECAP :: Reciprocal Graphs
Sketch
Sketch
𝑦 𝑦
? ?
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦= 3
𝑥
The value for will be 3 times
greater than
?1 𝑥
𝑦=
𝑥
Exercise 4C
Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS
Page 67
Points of Intersection
In the previous chapter we saw why the points of intersection of two graphs gave
the solutions to the simultaneous equations corresponding to these graphs.
If and , then the values of the points of intersection can be found when .
Example: On the same diagram sketch the curves with equations and . Find the
coordinates of their points of intersection.
𝑦
Froflections: Cubics
or or generally have 3
Substituting these values back solutions. And this
𝟐 seems good news as
𝒚=𝒙 ( 𝟏 − 𝒙 ) ) into either equation, we obtain we have 3 points of
− 𝟑 points: intersection.
𝒙
𝒙( ?
1 𝒚 = 3 𝑥 Fro Tip: A classic
mistake is to divide by
to get . NEVER divide
an equation by a
variable, because you
lose a solution. Always
factorise.
Further example involving unknown constants
On the same diagram sketch the curves with equations and , where are positive
constants. State, giving a reason, the number of real solutions to the equation
)
−𝒂
then clearly:
𝟑𝒙
𝒙 𝟐(
𝒚
= 𝒃
𝒚 =
𝒙
There are 2 points of intersection, thus 2
solutions to this equation.
𝑥 ?
𝑎
3
Fro
Note: Note that the question is
asking for the number of solutions,
not the solutions themselves. We’d
If
then or have to solve a quartic, with roots in
We were told that is positive, thus this terms of and . While there is a
latter root is positive. ‘quartic formula’ (like the quadratic
formula), it is absolutely horrific.
Test Your Understanding
On the same diagram sketch the curves with equations and , and hence find
the coordinates of any points of intersection.
2 4 𝑥 ?Thus giving .
But the discriminant of is -7, thus there are no
𝒚=𝒙 ( 𝒙 − 𝟒 ) further solutions to this equation.
Sketch : Sketch
know has a root of -
We
y 𝑦 where the graph touche
)2
+2
𝑥2
? ?
(𝑥
𝑦 =
𝑦 =
x 𝑥
-2
What do you notice about the relationship between The graph has been translated
by , i.e. we have subtracted 2
the graphs of and ? from each value. ?
Transformations of Functions
This is all you need to remember when considering how transforming your
function transforms your graph...
!
Affects which axis? What we expect or opposite?
Change inside 𝑥
? Opposite ?
Change outside 𝑦
? ?
What we expect
Therefore...
𝑦=𝑓 ( 𝑥 −3 ) Translation by ?
𝑦=𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) + 4
Translation by ?
𝑦=𝑓 ( 5 𝑥 )
Stretch in -direction? by scale factor
𝑦=2 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )
Stretch in -direction? by scale factor 2
Sketching transformed graphs
Sketch Sketch
𝑥=− 1
The transformation
might result in new
intercepts or roots. You
y can find these in the
?
3
forget them!
2
=
𝑥
𝑦
3 The
asymptotes were
previously and . The
latter is unaffected but
x the former is now .
The
input has been replaced with , i.e. a change The
inside the function. We translate right by . The
input has been doubled to , again a change
inside the function, so we do the opposite and
significance of is that the original root of -2 will halve the values.
now be positive. Ensure that 0 remains 0 and you halve any roots.
𝑦 𝑦
2)
)
4)
+2
𝑎+
4)
(2 𝑥 −
)( 𝑥 −
(𝑥−
𝑥 (𝑥
−𝑎
𝑦 =( 2 𝑥 ) 2
𝑦 =
𝑦 = 𝑥 2
? ?
𝑦 =( 𝑥
−𝑎
( − 𝑎+2 )
𝑥 𝑥
-2 𝑎 −2 𝑎 2 4
You
did this at GCSE. The minus is outside the
function, so affects the output, i.e. the value.
The values are negated, resulting in a reflection
in the -axis.
𝑦
𝑥)
𝑓 (
𝑦=
?
𝒚=−
𝒇 (𝒙)
𝑥
-2
Test Your Understanding
If , sketch and on the same axes. Sketch the graph of , ensuring you
indicate any intercepts with the axes.
𝑦
𝑦 ( 𝒙)
(3 𝑥 𝑦=1
)
𝒚 = 𝒇
𝑓
𝑦 =
? ?
-3 -1 2 6 𝑥 -2 𝑥
-2 To
get this new root:
Exercise 4E/4F
Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS
Pages 74-75 (translations), 78 (stretches/reflections)
Effect of transformation on specific points
Sometimes you will not be given the original function, but will be given a
sketch with specific points and features you need to transform.
Where would each of these points end up?
? ? ?
? ? ?
? ? ?
? ? ?
? ? ?
? ? ?
? ? ?
Test Your Understanding
Edexcel C1 May 2012 Q10
?
Exercise 4G
Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS
Pages 80-81