Chapter 4

10/10/2022
Chapter 4:
Graphs and Transformations
Chapter 4.1: Cubic Graphs
In Chapter 2 we briefly saw that a polynomial expression is of the form:
where are constants (which could be 0).
The order of a polynomial is its highest power.
These are covered in

Order Name Chapter 5.
0 Constant (e.g. “4”)
Chapter 2 explored
1 ?
Linear (e.g. “”)
the graphs for these.
2 ? “”)
Quadratic (e.g.
3 Cubic ? We will cover
4 Quartic ? these now.
5 Quintic ? While these are technically
beyond the A Level syllabus,
we will look at how to sketch
polynomials in general.
What property connects the order of
the polynomial and the shape?
Order: The number of ‘turns’ is one less than
the order, e.g. a cubic has 2 ‘turns’, a
quartic 3 ‘turns’. Note:?
…Actually this is not strictly true, e.g.
2
consider , which has a U shape. But this is
because multiple turns are being squashed
into a single point.
In Chapter 2 how did we tell what way up

a quadratic is, and why does this work?
For a quadratic , i.f. , we had a ‘valley’

3 shape. This is because if was a large
positive value, would be large and
positive, thus the graph’s value tends
towards infinity.
?
We would write:
“As ” where “” means “tends towards”.
4
e.g. If , try a large positive value like . We can see we’d get a large positive
value. Thus as ,
Resulting Resulting
Equation If Shape If Shape
2 As As
𝑦 =𝑎 𝑥 +𝑏𝑥+ 𝑐 As As
As
As ? As
As ?
If , what therefore can we say about the shape if:

?
• The order is odd: It goes uphill (from left to right) (And we have the
opposite if )
• The order is even: The tails go upwards. ?
Sketch the curve with equation Sketch the curve with equation
Features you must consider:

Shape?
Shape?
Roots?
Roots?
-intercept? -intercept?
𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
Shape? Shape? Uphill.

Roots? Roots?
-intercept? -intercept?
𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
Chapter 4.2: Quartic Graphs 10/10/2019
If we sketched what happens on the -axis at:
: The line crosses the axis.

? 𝑎 𝑥
: The line touches the axis.

? 𝑏 𝑥
: Point of inflection on the axis.

? 𝑥
𝑐
Sketch the curve with equation
𝑥
Edexcel C1 May 2013(R) Q9
Figure 1 shows a sketch of the curve with equation .

The curve passes through the point (–1, 0) and touches the -axis at the point (2, 0).
The curve has a maximum at the point (0, 4).
The equation of the curve can be written in the form.
where , and are integers.

(a) Calculate the values of .
Factorise the following equation and then sketch the curve:
y = 3x + 2x2 – x3
Chapter 4.2: Quartic Graphs
e.g. If , try a large positive value like . We can see we’d get a large positive
value. Thus as ,
Resulting Resulting
Equation If Shape If Shape
2 As As
𝑦 =𝑎 𝑥 +𝑏𝑥+ 𝑐 As As
As
As ? As
As ?
4 3
𝑦=𝑎𝑥 +𝑏 𝑥 As
As ?
As
As ?
As
5
𝑦 =𝑎 𝑥 +𝑏 𝑥 +…4 As
As
? As ?
If , what therefore can we say about the shape if:
?
• The order is odd: It goes uphill (from left to right) (And we have the
opposite if )
• The order is even: The tails go upwards. ?
If you understand the principle of sketching polynomials in general, then sketching
quartics shouldn’t feel like anything new.
Recall that if the term is positive, the ‘tails’ both go upwards, otherwise downwards.
Shape: ?
Tails upwards Shape: ?
Tails downwards
Roots: -1, 0, 2, 3 ? Roots: -1, 2, 3
-intercept: 0 ? 2 is repeated. ?
-intercept: ?
𝑦
𝑦
12
? ?
𝑥
-1 2 3 𝑥
-1 2 3
Shape: ?
Tails upwards
Roots: -1, 0, 2, 3 ? 𝑦
-intercept: 0 ?
𝑥
Shape: ?
Tails downwards
Roots: -1, 2, 3
2 is repeated. ?
𝑦 -intercept: ?
𝑦
12
𝑥
?
𝑥
-1 2 3
𝑦
𝑦
𝑥
𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS
Exercise 4A
Pages 62-63
Exercise 4B
Pages 65-66
3 A curve has this shape, touches the
1 Sketch the curve with equation axis at 3 and crosses the axis at -2.
Give a suitable equation for this
graph.
𝑦
? ) ( 𝑥 +2 )
𝑦 =( 𝑥 − 3
2
N Sketch the curve with equation

? 𝑥
3
Point of Touches Crosses

inflection -axis -axis
2 Sketch the curve with equation

?
𝑦
-2 ? 𝑥
-8
Features you must consider:

Shape? term is positive so ‘uphill’
Shape? If we expanded, term would
Tip: No need to
expand out the shape. ?
?
whole thing. Just
be negative, so ‘downhill’ mentally consider
shape. the terms Roots?
multiplied together.
However as root of 0 is repeated
Roots? If ,
? This is sort of because
the curve crosses at 0
?
(because the factor of appears
then immediately twice), the curve touches at .
-intercept? If ? crosses at 0 again!
𝑦
-intercept? If ?
𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
? Final
-1 sketch
1 2 ? Final sketch1
-2
Fro Tip: It’s incredibly
easy to forget to write in
one of the intercepts. So
don’t!
Shape? Downhill. ? Shape? Uphill. ?

Roots? Roots?
Curve crosses as 2, but
?
touches at -1 (again,
But root is triple repeated.
?
We have a point of
because of repeated root) inflection at .
-intercept? 2 ? -intercept? -64 ?
Exam Notes: The term ‘point of inflection’
𝑦 𝑦 has been removed from the new A Level
syllabus (bad idea!!).
2 You might be able to see we get this shape
at because as the root is triple repeated,
? Final sketch 𝑥
the curve crosses at 4, then crosses again,
then crosses again, hence ending up in the
-1 2 4 ? Final
𝑥 sketch
same direction and the line becoming
momentarily horizontal.
A point of inflection is where the curve

-64 goes from ‘convex’ to ‘concave’ (or vice
versa), i.e. curves in one direction before
and curves in another direction after. You
might have encountered these terms in
Physics.
Shape? Uphill. ?
Roots? Either (giving root of -1) or .
This does not have any solutions as the discriminant is -3.
Thus -1 is the only root. ?
-intercept? 1 ?
We don’t have enough information to
determine the exact shape. It could for
𝑦 example have been:
However, in Chapter 12,
𝑦 we’ll be able to work
1 turning points using
? Final
𝑥
sketch ‘differentiation’, and
hence conclude that it
-1 1 doesn’t have any!
-1 𝑥
Edexcel C1 May 2013(R) Q9
Figure 1 shows a sketch of the curve with equation .

The curve passes through the point (–1, 0) and touches the -axis at the point (2, 0).
The curve has a maximum at the point (0, 4).
The equation of the curve can be written in the form.
where , and are integers.

(a) Calculate the values of .
If it crosses at we must have .

If it touches at we must have
?

Exercise 4A
Pages 62-63
Chapter 4.2: Quartic Graphs 14/10/2021
Chapter 4:
2 is a quadruple repeated root!

-1 root only appears once so line
Because the line effectively crosses the
crosses at
axis 4 times all at -2, it ends up in the
+1 root triple repeated so point of
opposite direction, and hence looks like
inflection at
a ‘touch’ point.
𝑦
𝑦
16
? ?2 𝑥
𝑥
-1 1
-1
𝑦 𝑦
27
? 𝑥
? 𝑥
-1 1 -1 3
Chapter 4.3: Reciprocal Graphs
Chapter 4:
Chapter 4.3: Reciprocal Graphs ! An asymptote is a line
which the graph approaches
but never reaches.
Sketch Sketch
𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
Sketch Sketch
𝑦 𝑦 Note: The scaling caused by the 3 isn’t

observable for this graph in isolation
because the axes have no scale. This
will only be observation for multiple
? graphs on the same axes.
?
𝑥 𝑥
Notice the distance between this line and the -axis

(i.e. the line ) gradually decreases as the lines go off
towards infinity. The line is known as an asymptote
of the graph.
! An asymptote is a line Asymptotes of :

which the graph approaches
but never reaches. ?
This is new to
the A Level 2017
Sketch syllabus.
Sketch
𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
Hint: Note that anything squared will

always be at least 0.
This is new to
the A Level 2017
Sketch syllabus.
Sketch
𝑦 𝑦
? 𝑥
?
𝑥
Hint: Note that anything squared will

always be at least 0.
On the same axes, sketch and
𝑥
On the same axes, sketch and
𝑦 3
𝑦=
𝑥
The value for will be 3 times
greater than
?1 𝑥
𝑦=
𝑥
Chapter 4.3: Reciprocal Graphs 11/10/2019

Exercise 4C
Pages 67-68
Chapter 4.4: Points of intersection
Chapter 4:
In the previous chapter we saw why the points of intersection of two graphs gave
the solutions to the simultaneous equations corresponding to these graphs.
If and , then the values of the points of intersection can be found when .
Example: On the same diagram sketch the curves with equations and . Find the
coordinates of their points of intersection.
𝑦
𝑥
𝑦
𝑥
On the same diagram sketch the curves with equations and , where are positive
constants. State, giving a reason, the number of real solutions to the equation
𝑥
On the same diagram sketch the curves with equations and , and hence find
the coordinates of any points of intersection.
𝑥
In the previous chapter we saw why the points of intersection of two graphs gave
the solutions to the simultaneous equations corresponding to these graphs.
If and , then the values of the points of intersection can be found when .
𝑦
Note: Cubics generally
or or have 3 solutions. And
Substituting these values back this seems good news
as we have 3 points of
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 ( 𝟏− 𝒙 ) ) into either equation, we obtain intersection.
− 𝟑 points:
𝒙
𝒙(
1 𝒚= 3 𝑥 ? Tip: A classic mistake
is to divide by to get .
NEVER divide an
equation by a
variable, because you
lose a solution. Always
factorise.
On the same diagram sketch the curves with equations and , where are positive
constants. State, giving a reason, the number of real solutions to the equation
If the points of intersection are given by:

𝑦
)
−𝒂
then clearly:
𝟑𝒙
𝒙 𝟐(
𝒚= 𝒃
There are 2 points of intersection, thus 2
𝒚=
𝒙
solutions to this equation.
𝑥
𝑎 ?
3
Note: Note that the question is asking

for the number of solutions, not the
solutions themselves. We’d have to
If then or solve a quartic, with roots in terms of
We were told that is positive, thus this and . While there is a ‘quartic formula’
latter root is positive. (like the quadratic formula), it is
absolutely horrific.
On the same diagram sketch the curves with equations and , and hence find
the coordinates of any points of intersection.
𝑦 Looking at the diagram we expect that will be

the only point of intersection (as the cubic will
rise more rapidly than the quadratic). But we
𝒚 = 𝒙 ( 𝒙 −𝟐 )
𝟐 need to show this algebraically.
2 4 𝑥 ?Thus giving .
But the discriminant of is -7, thus there are no
𝒚= 𝒙 ( 𝒙 − 𝟒 ) further solutions to this equation.
Hint: Remember you can use

the discriminant to reason
about the number of
solutions of a quadratic.
Chapter 4.4: Points of intersection 17/10/2019

Exercise 4C
Pages 67-68
Exercise 4D
Pages 69-71
Chapter 4.4: Points of intersection 17/10/2019
[MAT 2010 1A] The values of for which the line
Pearson Pure Mathematics 2
intersects the parabola are precisely
Year 1/AS, Pages 69-71 A) B)
C) or D)
Equating:
Extension
Discriminant:
1 [MAT 2005 1B]
The equation
A) has as a solution; ?
B) has no real solutions;
C) has an odd number of real solutions;
D) has twenty real solutions.
To sketch , sketch ,
then realise that as 3 [MAT 2013 1D]
is always at least 1, Which of the following sketches is a graph
raising it to a positive of ?
power (>1) makes it
go up more steeply.
we can sketch by
? completing the
square, where we
realise it is always i.e.
negative.
The answer is B. ?
Answer is (b).
Chapter 4.5/6: Transforming graphs 18/10/2022
Chapter 4:
Suppose Then ?
Sketch : Sketch
We know has a root of -
y 𝑦 where the graph touche
)2
+2
𝑥2
? ?
(𝑥
𝑦=
𝑦=
x 𝑥
-2
The graph has been translated

What do you notice about the relationship between by , i.e. we have subtracted 2
the graphs of and ? ?
from each value.
Chapter 4.5/6: Transforming graphs
This is all you need to remember when considering how transforming your
function transforms your graph...
!
Affects which axis? What we expect or opposite?
Change inside 𝑥
? Opposite ?
Change outside 𝑦
? ?
What we expect
Therefore...
𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥 −3 ) Translation by ?
𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) +4 Translation by ?
𝑦 = 𝑓 (5 𝑥 ) Stretch in -direction? by scale factor
𝑦 =2 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) Stretch in -direction? by scale factor 2
Sketch Sketch
If , the +3 is ‘outside’ the squared This looks like a reciprocal function .

function, so translation of . The change of +1 is inside the reciprocal
Imagine a sketch of and then do the function, so we have a translation to the
translation, ensuring you adjust any left by 1.
intercepts with the axes.
𝑦
𝑥 =− 1
The transformation
might result in new
intercepts or roots. You
y can find these in the
?
? usual way. Do not
+3
forget them!
𝑥2
2
𝑦=
𝑥
3 The asymptotes were
previously and . The
latter is unaffected but
x the former is now .
Draw asymptotes using a dotted

line and write its equation on it.
Sketch
If , the +3 is ‘outside’ the squared

function, so translation of .
Imagine a sketch of and then do the
translation, ensuring you adjust any
intercepts with the axes.
y
?
+3
𝑥2
𝑦=
x
Sketch
Sketch
This looks like a reciprocal function .

The change of +1 is inside the reciprocal
function, so we have a translation to the
left by 1.
𝑥 =− 1
The transformation
might result in new
intercepts or roots. You
can find these in the
? usual way. Do not

forget them!
2
𝑥
The asymptotes were
previously and . The
latter is unaffected but
the former is now .
Draw asymptotes using a dotted

line and write its equation on it.
Sketch . On the same axes, sketch , Sketch . On the same axes, sketch the graph
where . with equation
The input has been replaced with , i.e. a change The input has been doubled to , again a change
inside the function. We translate right by . The inside the function, so we do the opposite and
significance of is that the original root of -2 will halve the values.
now be positive. Ensure that 0 remains 0 and you halve any roots.
𝑦 𝑦
+2 )
2)
)
𝑥−4
)
−𝑎
𝑥+
−4
𝑎) ( 𝑥
𝑥(
𝑥 2( 𝑥
𝑥 ) 2( 2
? ?
𝑦=
(𝑥−
𝑦=
−𝑎 ( −𝑎+2 )
𝑦 =( 2
𝑦=
-2 𝑎− 2 𝑎 𝑥 𝑥
2 4
Note that our

intercepts are in
terms of .
Sketch . On the same axes, sketch ,
where .
The input has been replaced with , i.e. a change

inside the function. We translate right by . The
significance of is that the original root of -2 will
now be positive.
𝑦
+2 )
2)
−𝑎
𝑥+
𝑎) ( 𝑥
𝑥(
?
𝑦=
(𝑥−
−𝑎 ( −𝑎+2 )
𝑦=
-2 𝑎− 2 𝑎 𝑥
Note that our

intercepts are in
terms of .
Sketch . On the same axes, sketch the graph
with equation
The input has been doubled to , again a change

inside the function, so we do the opposite and
halve the values.
Ensure that 0 remains 0 and you halve any roots.
𝑦
)
𝑥−4
)
−4
𝑥 2( 𝑥
𝑥 ) 2( 2
?
𝑦=
𝑦 =( 2
2 4
𝑥
Exercise 4E
Pages 74-75
Exercise 4F
Pages 78
Chapter 4:
!
Change inside 𝑥 Opposite
Change outside 𝑦 What we expect
Therefore...
𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥 −3 ) Translation by
𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) +4 Translation by
𝑦 = 𝑓 (5 𝑥 ) Stretch in -direction by scale factor
𝑦 =2 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) Stretch in -direction by scale factor 2
If , sketch and on the same axes.
You did this at GCSE. The minus is outside the

function, so affects the output, i.e. the value.
The values are negated, resulting in a reflection
𝑦
in the -axis.
𝑦
𝑥)
𝑓 (
? 𝑥
𝑦=
𝒚=− 𝒇 ( 𝒙 )
-2
𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
If , sketch and on the same axes. Sketch the graph of , ensuring you
indicate any intercepts with the axes.
𝑦
𝑦 𝒇 (𝒙
)
(3 𝑥) 𝑦 =1
𝒚=
𝑓
=
? ?
𝑦
-3 -1 2 6 𝑥 -2 𝑥
-2 To get this new root:

𝑦 𝒇 (𝒙
)
(3 𝑥) 𝑥
𝒚=
𝑓
=
?
𝑦
-3 -1 2 6 𝑥
-2
Sketch the graph of , ensuring you
𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
Sketch the graph of , ensuring you
𝑦
𝑦
𝑦 =1
𝑥
? 𝑥
-2
To get this new root:

Exercise 4E
Pages 74-75
Exercise 4F
Pages 78
Chapter 4.7: Transforming Functions 14/10/2021
Chapter 4:
!
Change inside 𝑥 Opposite
Change outside 𝑦 What we expect
Therefore...
𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥 −3 ) Translation by
𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) +4 Translation by
𝑦 = 𝑓 (5 𝑥 ) Stretch in -direction by scale factor
𝑦 =2 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) Stretch in -direction by scale factor 2
Chapter 4.7: Transforming Functions
Sometimes you will not be given the original function, but will be given a
sketch with specific points and features you need to transform.
Where would each of these points end up?
? ? ?
? ? ?
? ? ?
? ? ?
? ? ?
? ? ?
? ? ?
Edexcel C1 May 2012 Q10
?
Edexcel C1 May 2012 Q10
𝑦
𝑥
𝑦
𝑥
Chapter 4.7: Transforming Functions 31/10/2019
Exercise 4G
Pages 80 - 81
Mixed Exercise 01/11/2019
Chapter 4:
Example 1:
Example 2:
Example 3:
Mixed Exercise
Pages 82 – 84
Your Chapter 4 test will be on

Thursday the 7th of November
Make sure folders are looking good and all work
is completed and marked

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10/10/2022

where are constants (which could be 0).

The order of a polynomial is its highest power.

These are covered in

In Chapter 2 how did we tell what way up

For a quadratic , i.f. , we had a ‘valley’

If , what therefore can we say about the shape if:

Features you must consider:

Shape? Shape? Uphill.

If we sketched what happens on the -axis at:

: The line crosses the axis.

: The line touches the axis.

: Point of inflection on the axis.

Sketch the curve with equation

Figure 1 shows a sketch of the curve with equation .

where , and are integers.

Sketch the curve with equation

Sketch the curve with equation

Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS

N Sketch the curve with equation

Point of Touches Crosses

2 Sketch the curve with equation

Features you must consider:

Shape? Downhill. ? Shape? Uphill. ?

A point of inflection is where the curve

Sketch the curve with equation

Figure 1 shows a sketch of the curve with equation .

where , and are integers.

If it crosses at we must have .

Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS

2 is a quadruple repeated root!

𝑦 𝑦 Note: The scaling caused by the 3 isn’t

Notice the distance between this line and the -axis

! An asymptote is a line Asymptotes of :

Hint: Note that anything squared will

Hint: Note that anything squared will

On the same axes, sketch and

On the same axes, sketch and

Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS

If the points of intersection are given by:

Note: Note that the question is asking

𝑦 Looking at the diagram we expect that will be

Hint: Remember you can use

Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS

The graph has been translated

If , the +3 is ‘outside’ the squared This looks like a reciprocal function .

Draw asymptotes using a dotted

If , the +3 is ‘outside’ the squared

This looks like a reciprocal function .

? usual way. Do not

Draw asymptotes using a dotted

Note that our

The input has been replaced with , i.e. a change

Note that our

The input has been doubled to , again a change

Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS

You did this at GCSE. The minus is outside the

-2 To get this new root:

To get this new root:

Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS

Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS

Pearson Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS