EXPLORING FUNCTIONS

Skyers,Michael
[COMPANY NAME] [Company address]
First Chapter: Injective, Surjective, Bijective,
and Inverse functions
Injective Functions
Introduction
A function is injective (one to one) if each
element in (domain) is mapped onto exactly one
element in (co-domain).

X Y
Graphical Exploration
Consider the function defined as:

(Check Desmos for graph)

A function will be injective if any horizontal line drawn
cuts the graph of the function at most once.
So here is injective.

Consider the , is it injective? Yes, it is!

(See Desmos graph)
Algebraic Exploration
If a function is injective, then given ,

Prove that is injective, where .

Solution
Let

and

(adding one to both sides)

(dividing both sides by 2)
So is injective.

Show that is injective.

Surjective Functions
Introduction
A function is said to be surjective (onto) if and
only if every element in Y (co-domain) has at least one
pre-image in X (domain). That is, the range and co-
domain are identical.
Graphical Exploration
A function will be surjective if any horizontal cuts the
graph of the function at least once.

Consider the functions below, and determine if they are

surjective:
 (yes!)
 (it depends)
Algebraic Exploration
Consider the function
We say that is surjective if given an element, b, in Y,
there is exists an element in X, a, such that .
Given , where , show that is
surjective.
Solution
Let and let ,
We will now make x the subject:

Now, if , then is surjective:

So is surjective.
Bijective Functions
Introduction
A bijective function is one that is both injective and
surjective.
Graphical Exploration
If a function is bijective, then any horizontal line drawn
will cut its graph exactly once.
Algebraic Exploration
Here, we show that the function is injective algebraically,
and then show that it is surjective algebraic.
Consider the functions below, are they bijective?


Consider , we need to show that it is
injective and surjective.
Solution

So is injective.

Now,

Hence, is also surjective and so is bijective.

Inverse Functions
Introduction
Given the function , its inverse .
Furthermore, a function will only have an inverse if it is
bijective.
Graphical Exploration
The graph of the inverse of a function is found by
reflecting the function in the line .
Consider the function . By observing its graph,
what would its inverse graph look like?

Original graph
Turned Sideways to sketch inverse
Reset orientation after sketching inverse…
Algebraic Exploration
To find the inverse of a function, we:
1. Equate the function to .
2. Interchange and .
3. Make the subject.
4. Replace with if necessary.
Past Paper Questions
Second Chapter: Modulus function
Introduction

The modulus function returns the positive value of any

argument given.
Properties
 𝟐 𝟐


| |
 | |

Graphical Exploration
Consider the graph of

What would the graph of look like? The

negative portion of graph is reflected through the x-axis.
Algebraic Exploration: Equations, Inequalities &
Proofs
Equations
Solve the following equations:

Either

or

or

Alternatively, we could have squared both sides:


Either:

or,
 Which reduces to:

Compare solutions above with the solutions to:

Suppose we took the square root of both sides?

Compare solutions to

And you could solve each case by cross multiplying.

 

Let

Now solve for a, then use these solutions to find x using

the definition of the modulus function.
Inequalities
Some things to bear in mind when dealing with
inequalities:
 Adding/subtracting to/from each side of the
inequality, leaves the inequality sign unchanged.

Or

 Multiplying or dividing an equality by a negative

number will change the direction of the inequality,
otherwise it is unchanged.

Multiplying by :

 Reciprocating both sides of the inequality will

change the direction of the inequality.

Reciprocating:
Modulus Properties
Other useful properties of the modulus are:
1. If ;

Suppose we had:

2. If , then will lie in the range:

Linear Inequalities
Solve the following inequalities:


OR

So, our solutions fall in the range:

Alternatively,

(adding 1 to each part of the inequality)

(dividing each part of the inequality by 4)

Hence, our solutions lie in the range:

Alternatively, (again)
We could solve the inequality:
(squaring both sides)
But we will look at this in a later section.

Our solutions will fall in the range:
 

So, our solutions fall in the range:

For now, we will square both sides and solve:

But before we do, we will examine quadratic inequalities.

Summary

NB: To solve inequalities of the form:

 , use modulus property 1 of this
section.
 , use modulus property 2.
 (or vice versa), square both
sides.
Quadratic Inequalities
Let us review some properties of real numbers.
Some properties on real numbers

1.
OR

2.
OR

Solving Quadratic inequalities

Solve:
(a)

We can clearly see that (2) is impossible, and so

our solution range comes from (1) which gives:
(b)

So, our solution range is given by the union of (1)

and (2) as there is no overlap of the regions:
(c)

Finish this up by finding the solution range.

Past Paper Questions

Either

Or

We know from the triangle inequality that:

Furthermore, … (*)
Now, using the triangle inequality again we get:

Hence, because of (*) we have

Third Chapter: Cubic Equations
Quadratic Review
Let us consider the quadratic equation:

Further, let be roots of the quadratic equation,

then:

We can use these to write down the equation of the

quadratic:

i.e.,

Example:
Given that and are roots of , find
a quadratic equation with roots:

(a)
(b)
Solution
Firstly,

Now,

(a) The sum of the roots is given by:

The product of the roots is given by:

Hence, an equation is given by:

Which could be rewritten as:

(b) The sum of the roots is given by:

The product of the roots is given by:

Thus, an equation is given by:

Roots of a cubic equation
Given the cubic equation with
roots , a cubic equation can be obtained using:
𝑥 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 )𝑥 + (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖 − 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠)𝑥 − 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 0

Where:

Some important results:

 𝛼 +𝛽 +𝛾
= (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 ) − 2(𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛼𝛾 )

 (𝛼𝛽 ) + (𝛼𝛾 ) + (𝛽𝛾 )

= (𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛽𝛾 ) − 2𝛼𝛽𝛾 (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 )

 𝛼 +𝛽 +𝛾
= (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 ) − 3(𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 )(𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛽𝛾 ) + 3𝛼𝛽𝛾
Finding the equation, given the roots

Past Paper Questions